Rarely the spectrum of conventional radiographic studies of the proximal humerus resp. shoulder joint is used in its full potential. This frequently results in erroneous interpretation. Five essential X-ray examinations are presented with respect to technique and diagnostic value.
The classification of the proximal humeral fractures according to the four-segment concept of Neer has proven to be very useful. It not only considers the fracture itself but also lesions of the soft tissue. Adapting Neer's concept we propose a modified classification of the proximal humeral fractures which we believe is clearer and more practicable. This classification is illustrated by means of drawings and typical roentgenograms. The description of the different fracture-types includes the mean characteristics such as fragment-displacement, status of the rotator cuff and blood circulation to the head segment.
The volume of 15 autopsied thyroid glands was determined by fluid displacement and compared with their sonographically obtained stereometric volumes. Maximum variation was 8.6%. Thyroid volumes were measured by ultrasound in 100 volunteers between ages 15 and 36. Total mean value was 19.8 ml. with a mean value of 22.1 ml. in the male group and 17.8 ml. in the female group. 20 volunteers had an additional scintigraphic examination. The thyroid volumes estimated by scintiscanning differed up to 85% with the volume measurements from sonography. Sonography scans were obtained from 6 autopsied thyroid glands and compared with the corresponding tissue slices. Tissue structures were reproduced with great accuracy by ultrasound.
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