The skin is a complex barrier organ made of a symbiotic relationship between microbial communities and host tissue via complex signals provided by the innate and the adaptive immune systems. It is constantly exposed to various endogenous and exogenous factors which impact this balanced system potentially leading to inflammatory skin conditions comprising infections, allergies or autoimmune diseases. Unlike the gut and stool microbiome which has been studied and described for many years, investigations on the skin or scalp microbiome only started recently. Researchers in microbiology and dermatology started using modern methods such as pyrosequencing assays of bacterial 16S rRNA genes to identify and characterize the different microorganisms present on the skin, to evaluate the bacterial diversity and their relative abundance and to understand how microbial diversity may contribute to skin health and dermatological conditions. This article aims to provide an overview on the knowledge about the skin microbiota, the microbiome and their importance in dermatology.

Indoor and outdoor airborne pollutants modify our environment and represent a growing threat to human health worldwide. Airborne pollution effects on respiratory and cardiac health and diseases have been well established, but its impact on skin remains poorly described. Nonetheless, the skin is one of the main targets of pollutants, which reach the superficial and deeper skin layers by transcutaneous and systemic routes. In this review, we report the outcomes of basic and clinical research studies monitoring pollutant levels in human tissues including the skin and hair. We present a current understanding of the biochemical and biophysical effects of pollutants on skin metabolism, inflammatory processes and oxidative stress, with a focus on polyaromatic hydrocarbons and ground‐level ozone that are widespread outdoor pollutants whose effects are mostly studied. We reviewed the literature to report the clinical effects of pollutants on skin health and skin ageing and their impact on some chronic inflammatory skin diseases. We also discuss the potential interactions of airborne pollutants with either ultraviolet radiation or human skin microbiota and their specific impact on skin health.

Phenoxyethanol, or 2‐phenoxyethanol, has a large spectrum of antimicrobial activity and has been widely used as a preservative in cosmetic products for decades. It is effective against various Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria, as well as against yeasts, and has only a weak inhibitory effect on resident skin flora. According to the European Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety, phenoxyethanol is safe for all consumers – including children of all ages – when used as a preservative in cosmetic products at a maximum concentration of 1%. Adverse systemic effects have been observed in toxicological studies on animals but only when the levels of exposure were many magnitudes higher (around 200‐fold higher) than those to which consumers are exposed when using phenoxyethanol‐containing cosmetic products. Despite its widespread use in cosmetic products, phenoxyethanol is a rare sensitizer. It can be considered as one of the most well‐tolerated preservatives used in cosmetic products.

Mohs micrographic surgery is a technique used to excise skin tumors based on comprehensive surgical mapping, in which the surgeon removes the tumor, followed by a complete histological evaluation of the tumor's margins. The correlation of the presence of a tumor in histological examinations and its precise location on the surgical map result in a complete removal of the tumor with maximum normal tissue preservation. The present article seeks to provide general practitioners and healthcare specialists with guidelines regarding recommendations for Mohs micrographic surgery to treat skin tumors, based on the most reliable evidence available in medical literature on the subject. This bibliographic review of scientific articles in this line of research was conducted based on data collected from MEDLINE/PubMed. The search strategy used in this study was based on structured questions in the Patient, Intervention, Control, and Outcome (PICO) format. MeSH terms were used as descriptors. The indications of this technique are related to recurrence, histology, size, definition of tumor margins, and location of tumors. These guidelines attempt to establish the indications of Mohs surgery for different types of skin tumors.

The last Brazilian guidelines on melanoma were published in 2002. Development in diagnosis and treatment made updating necessary. The coordinators elaborated ten clinical questions, based on PICO system. A Medline search, according to specific MeSH terms for each of the 10 questions was performed and articles selected were classified from A to D according to level of scientific evidence. Based on the results, recommendations were defined and classified according to scientific strength. The present Guidelines were divided in two parts for editorial and publication reasons. In the first part, the following clinical questions were answered: 1) The use of dermoscopy for diagnosis of primary cutaneous melanoma brings benefits for patients when compared with clinical examination? 2) Does dermoscopy favor diagnosis of nail apparatus melanoma? 3) Is there a prognostic difference when incisional or excisional biopsies are used? 4) Does revision by a pathologist trained in melanoma contribute to diagnosis and treatment of primary cutaneous melanoma? What margins should be used to treat lentigo maligna melanoma and melanoma in situ?

The last Brazilian guidelines on melanoma were published in 2002. Development in diagnosis and treatment made updating necessary. The coordinators elaborated ten clinical questions, based on PICO system. A Medline search, according to specific MeSH terms for each of the 10 questions was performed and articles selected were classified from A to D according to level of scientific evidence. Based on the results, recommendations were defined and classified according to scientific strength. The present Guidelines were divided in two parts for editorial and publication reasons. In this second part, the following clinical questions were answered: 1) which patients with primary cutaneous melanoma benefit from sentinel lymph node biopsy? 2) Follow-up with body mapping is indicated for which patients? 3) Is preventive excision of acral nevi beneficious to patients? 4) Is preventive excision of giant congenital nevi beneficious to patients? 5) How should stages 0 and I primary cutaneous melanoma patients be followed?

We extend the analysis of queueing systems for real-life situations, where the arrival pattern of customers is unknown. In real systems, we must understand how the choice of a method of estimation influences the configuration of the system. Using kernel smoothing, we evaluate algorithms to estimate performance measures of a system, including the invariant probability distribution of the number of customers in the system, the blocking probability, the average queue size, and the average client queue time. We successfully apply the method to the arrivals to a call center to plan and improve the performance of these important queueing systems.

Introdução: A anestesia é um recurso importante no alívio da dor durante o trabalho de parto (TP). Não é um procedimento isento de riscos e sua utilização envolve decisão com base nas condições clínicas e obstétricas, desejo da mulher e disponibilidade do procedimento. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a associação entre essa intervenção com a ocorrência de parto operatório e baixo escore de Apgar. Método: Estudo retrospectivo de base de dados hospitalar contendo 5.282 parturientes com gestação única, de feto em apresentação cefálica nascido vivo e sem malformação, entre os 8.591 nascimentos ocorridos no período de 2014 a 2017, na maternidade do Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG. Desfechos de interesse foram comparados entre partos conduzidos com ou sem anestesia, através de testes de associação. Resultados: A ocorrência de anestesia de condução de TP foi de 29,9%, sendo mais frequente entre adolescentes (33,3% versus 29,1%; p = 0,008), nulíparas (39,7% versus 21,6%; p<0,001), naquelas com parto induzido (40,6% versus 26,5%; p<0,001), portadoras de cardiopatias (53,5% versus 29,6%; p<0,001) e parturientes cujos recém-nascidos pesaram 2500 g ou mais ao nascer (31,3% versus 19,7%; p<0,001). Houve associação entre anestesia e aumento do uso de fórceps (15,7% versus 1,8%; p<0,001) e de vacum extrator (2,0% versus 0,6%; p < 0,001), porém ocorreu redução das taxas de cesariana (7,3% versus 12,9%; p<0,001). O uso da anestesia associou-se à maior ocorrência de Apgar de 1o minuto < 7 (p<0,001), mas não alterou o de 5o (p=0,243). A nuliparidade parece ter influência sobre a ocorrência de parto cesariano (8,6% versus 5,2%; p = 0,013) e uso de fórceps (19,4% versus 9,8%; p<0.001). Conclusão: O uso de anestesia de condução no parto associou-se ao parto vaginal operatório, e à menor taxa de cesariana, sem impacto no Apgar de 5o minuto.