Connate water salinity is a vital property of the reservoir and its influence on the displacement efficiency cannot be overemphasised. Despite the numerous analytical literatures on the dispersion behaviour of CO 2 in CH 4 at different parametric conditions, studies have so far been limited to systematic effects of the process while parameters such as connate water salinity of the reservoir has not been given much attention and this could redefine the CO 2 -CH 4 interactions in the reservoir. This study aims to experimentally determine the effect of connate water salinity on the dispersion coefficient in consolidated porous media under reservoir conditions. A laboratory core flooding experiment depicting the detailed process of the CO 2 -CH 4 displacement using Grey Berea sandstone core sample at a temperature of 50 o C and at a pressure of 1300 psig was carried out to determine the optimum injection rate, from 0.2-0.5 ml/min, for the experimentation based on dispersion coefficients and methane recovery in the horizontal orientation. This was established to be 0.3 ml/min. At the same conditions, the effects of connate water saturation of 10% and a salinity of 0 (distilled water), 5, and 10% wt. with a CO 2 injection rate of 0.3 ml/min on the dispersion coefficients was investigated. The results from the core flooding process indicated that the dispersion coefficient decreases with increasing salinity, hence the higher the density of the immobile phase (connate water) the lower the dispersion of CO 2 into CH 4 . This is a significant finding given that the inclusion of the connate water and its salinity have an effect on the mixing of the gases in the core sample and should be given importance and included during simulation studies for field scale applications of Enhanced Gas Recovery (EGR). This is the first experimental investigation into the relationship between the connate water salinity and the dispersion coefficient in consolidated porous media.
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A novel high liquid pressure fine spray swirl atomizer has been developed, which incorporates a spill-return orifice into the rear face of the swirl chamber with the aim of giving a significant reduction in flowrate while maintaining the droplet size. The initial work modified a commercial atomizer to add spill return. However, drop sizes were considered to be too large and a new design was constructed based on an earlier work on efficient high-pressure (up to 120 bar) swirl atomization. The resulting fine sprays can be used for various applications such as humidification, cleaning, coating, cooling, and decontamination. The atomizer has been characterized for different geometries, supply pressures, and spill-return orifice sizes using a Laser Particle Sizer and Phase Doppler Anemometry. For an exit orifice of 0.3mm diameter and spill orifice 0.5mm diameter, the drop size (Sauter mean diameter) is less than 20m for flowrates as low as 0.1litre/min and with a mean axial drop velocity of approximately 12m/s. An average liquid volume flux of 0.014(cm3/s)/cm2 is obtained in the spray at 150mm downstream.
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