Buprenorphine is a potent local anesthetic and blocks voltage-gated Na(+) channels via the local anesthetic binding site. This property is likely to be relevant when buprenorphine is used for pain treatment and for local anesthesia.

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is known to be a strong electron acceptor,"] and solid donor-acceptor complexes have been formed by co-crystallization of C,, and strong donors such as ferrocene.[21 Covalent linking of C,, and electron donors is expected to create attractive substrates for the study of electron or energy transfer. By making use of the cycloaddition route that we reported previously[31 we have now succeeded in synthesizing a 4,5-dimethoxy-o-quinodimethane-C,, adduct 3.[4-61 We describe the unique crystal structure and the determination of the bandgap of solid 3 by ESCA measurements.The mono-adduct 3 and the bis-adduct 4 have been prepared by the Diels-Alder reaction of C,, (1) with 6,7-dimethoxy-3-isochromanone (2) in boiling 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene for 24 h (Scheme 1). The chromatographic separaH3c0m0 HJCO 2 c,,= 1 I n 3 4 Scheme 1 . Reaction between C,, (1) and 4.5-dimethoxy-o-quinodimethane prepared in situ froin 6,7-dimethoxy-3-isochromaiione (2).

ABSTRACT:The amount, variability and quality of coarse woody debris (CWD) in an oak-dominated natural forest reserve in Austria were studied in 2006. The average volume of CWD (snags and logs) was 107.3 m 3 /ha, which accounted for 39% of the total living volume. Among the CWD, on average, 23.4 m 3 /ha (22%) were snags and 83.9 m 3 /ha (78%) were logs. According to quality aspects the CWD displayed a wide range of variation in tree species, tree size, stage of decay, and structural characteristics, creating a high diversity of CWD habitats for microorganisms. Among the three forest associations, the highest amount of CWD was found in the mesic Galio sylvatici-Carpinetum association. The results of this study are discussed as reference values for a close-to-nature management of oak-dominated broadleaved submontane forests emphasizing conservation management.

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Tree regeneration is a key demographic process influencing long-term forest dynamics. It is driven by many biotic and abiotic factors. Thus, predictions of tree regeneration are challenging because of complex feedbacks along climatic gradients. The stress gradient hypothesis (SGH) and life-history strategies (LHS) provide a framework for assessing such feedbacks across different species ranges. To address these topics, we analyzed regeneration for 24 tree species in 6,540 plots from 299 unmanaged European forests. Negative interactions predominated, with their intensity decreasing under stressful conditions for most species, as predicted by the SGH. However, positive interactions were only evident for a few species. Our study indicates that SGH and LHS can be combined to partially explain within- and between-species differences in tree recruitment. Moreover, our findings imply that projections of forest dynamics along wide climatic gradients must accommodate both negative and positive biotic interactions, as they strongly affect rates of community turnover.