. 2007. Genotypic and environmental variation in grain, flour, dough and bread-making characteristics of western Canadian spring wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 87: 679-690. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain, flour, dough and bread quality characteristics are strongly influenced by growing-season weather conditions. Understanding the impact of genotype, environment, and their interactions on Canadian wheat quality is important for Canada to maintain its high standard for delivery of consistent quality wheat to domestic and international customers. The effects of genotype, environment and genotype by environment (G × E) interaction on numerous grain, flour, dough and bread-making characteristics were assessed. The Canadian Western Red Spring (CWRS) cultivars were AC Barrie, Superb, AC Elsa, and Neepawa; the Canadian Prairie Spring (CPS-white) cultivar was AC Vista; and the Canadian Western Hard White Spring (CWHWS) cultivar was Snowbird. These genotypes were grown at five locations across the Canadian prairies in 2 yr to provide a total of 7 site-years of milling quality wheat for analysis. Genotype, environment and their interactions had significant effects on most parameters tested. The relative magnitude of the environmental contribution to wheat quality variance, depending on the trait, was considerably larger (14 to 89%) than the variance contribution of either genotype (0 to 33%) or G × E interaction (0 to 17%). The greatest environmental contribution to total variance (83%) was, on average, for grain traits including yield. Genotypic contribution to variation was greatest (~15%) for flour characteristics. The G × E interaction contributed relatively little to total variance and was comparable for flour, dough and bread properties (~6.5% on average). This large difference in variance between environmental and genotypic influences clearly demonstrates the importance of growing-season weather impacts on yield and quality for adapted bread wheat genotypes and strategies to mitigate these effects are discussed.Key words: Wheat, bread-making quality, Canadian prairies, environment, genotype, genotype by environment Finlay, G. J., Bullock, P. R., Sapirstein, H. D., Naeem, H. A., Hussain, A., Angadi, S. V. et DePauw, R. M. 2007. Variations génotypiques et environnementales du grain, de la farine, de la pâte et de la panification du blé de printemps de l'Ouest canadien. Can. J. Plant Sci. 87: 679-690. Les conditions météorologiques durant la période végétative exercent une profonde influence sur le grain du blé (Triticum aestivum L.), sa farine, la pâte et la panification. Pour que le blé canadien garde sa réputa-tion de qualité auprès de la clientèle canadienne et étrangère, il importe de comprendre l'incidence du génotype et de l'environnement ainsi que de leurs interactions. Les auteurs ont évalué l'effet du génotype, de l'environnement et de l'interaction génotype × environnement (G × E) sur de nombreuses caractéristiques du grain, de la farine, de la pâte et de la panification. Les essais ont porté sur les cultivar...
. 2009. Thermal time models for estimating wheat phenological development and weather-based relationships to wheat quality. Can. J. Plant Sci. 89: 429Á439. Accurate prediction of crop phenology is a key requirement for crop development models. The prediction of spring wheat yield and quality from meteorological data can be improved by quantifying heat and moisture conditions during specified phenological phases; therefore, accurate prediction of phenological development is important for estimating weather impacts on wheat quality. The objective of this study was to test the accuracy of biometeorological time (BMT), growing degree days (GDD), and physiological days (Pdays) for prediction of wheat phenological stages and impacts of growing season weather during those stages on wheat bread-making quality. Observed crop phenological stages and detailed weather data across 17 site-years in western Canada for six hard spring wheat varieties were collected to assess BMT, GDD and Pdays. Biometeorological time was most consistent for predicting the length of the seeding to jointing and seeding to anthesis growth stages and second most consistent behind GDD for predicting seeding to soft dough and seeding to maturity. The ability of the BMT and GDD models to predict calendar days to anthesis and maturity were further tested using field data from 166 farms across western Canada. Both GDD and BMT models were effective for predicting time from seeding to anthesis (R 2 0 0.84 and 0.90, respectively) and seeding to maturity (R 2 0 0.62 and 0.66, respectively). BMT-and GDD-predicted wheat growth phases were used to calculate modeled crop water use by growth period for producer fields. Crop water use is significantly correlated to key bread-making quality parameters of flour protein, farinograph dough development time and farinograph stability. Biometeorological time predicted water use was more highly correlated to these quality parameters than GDD predictions. Accordingly, the BMT scale is recommended for estimation of wheat phenological development especially for modeling weather impacts on wheat end-use quality. For personal use only.
study of controlled release urea and split applications of nitrogen as compared with non-coated urea under conventional and reduced tillage management. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 523Á534. To evaluate the use of controlled-release urea (CRU) as a beneficial management practice for nitrogen management of wheat, barley, and canola, a multi-location study was conducted from 2004 to 2006 in a range of agro-environments across western Canada. The objective was to evaluate the relative economic performance of CRU and non-coated urea (NCU) for their effects on seed yield and quality, costs and net revenue (NR) using conventional tillage (CT) and reduced tillage (RT) management under varying environmental conditions. The NR was estimated as the income remaining after paying for all cash costs, ownership costs on machinery and buildings, and labour. The main factor affecting crop yield and NR was N application rate. In general, application of NCU produced similar or higher net revenues than that of CRU, split fertilizer applications or a blend of NCU and CRU. There were some limited situations where the use of split applications, CRU or CRU in a blend with the NCU increased crop yield as compared with NCU; however, the increased yield was not sufficient to cover the extra costs of CRU or the split application. The impact of tillage system on crop yield and NR was not consistent. Net revenue was higher under CT than RT for certain crops in some regions, but not in all regions or for all crops. Overall, NR analysis indicated that use of CRU did not provide an economic benefit over the use of NCU.
Abstract:Evapotranspiration (ET) models have become essential tools in areas such as climate modelling, weather forecasting, crop yield forecasting and irrigation planning. The modified second-generation Prairie Agrometeorology Model (PAMII 1C2 ) estimates standard ET (ET c ) (i.e. evapotranspiration from disease free, well fertilized crops, grown under optimum soil water conditions) by simulating crop development and the soil water balance using daily minimum and maximum surface air temperature, rainfall and upper air conditions to simulate the depth of the planetary boundary layer. The FAO56 Penman-Monteith (FAO56 P-M) method uses a reference surface/combination approach to calculate reference ET (ET o ) and then multiply it by a crop coefficient (K c ) to derive ET c . The simplified water balance (WB) method estimates actual ET (ET a ) as the residual of the water balance where precipitation and soil water variation are known. The objective of this study was to compare both ET c and ET a estimates from PAMII 1C2 to those derived using the FAO56 P-M and the water balance models.Comparison of daily ET rates between PAMII 1C2 and the FAO56 P-M method indicated significant differences in the. When compared to the WB derived weekly and biweekly total ET c , PAMII 1C2 produced similar rates of ET a (r 2 D 0Ð62, slope D 0Ð65), as the FAO56 P-M (r 2 D 0Ð61, slope D 0Ð50) model. Both models produced overall ET a rates that fell within the range of the measurement error associated with the WB method. Since PAMII 1C2 produced similar ET c and ET a rates compared to the FAO56 P-M method, for any potential user the choice between the PAMII 1C2 and FAO56 P-M is less a matter of accuracy and more a function of the type of input data available.
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