The self-assembly mechanism of alkanethiol monolayers on the (111) surface of gold was discovered with the use of an ultrahigh-vacuum scanning tunneling microscope. Monolayer formation follows a two-step process that begins with condensation of low-density crystalline islands, characterized by surface-aligned molecular axes, from a lower density lattice-gas phase. At saturation coverage of this phase, the monolayer undergoes a phase transition to a denser phase by realignment of the molecular axes with the surface normal. These studies reveal the important role of molecule-substrate and molecule-molecule interactions in the self-assembly of these technologically important material systems.
Using an ultrahigh-vacuum scanning tunneling microscope
we have discovered evidence for a novel
mechanism by which Au vacancy islands form during assembly of
alkanethiol monolayers on Au(111). Our
results suggest a model whereby excess Au atoms are forced out of the
surface layer by relaxation of the
compressed herringbone reconstruction. This creates adatoms on,
and vacancies in, the surface layer. On
large terraces the vacancies nucleate into islands while the adatoms
migrate and adsorb at ascending step
edges. At saturation coverage of alkanethiols the surface exhibits
≈6% of a monolayer of vacancy islands.
These results show that complex interactions between the
assembling thiols and the herringbone
reconstruction influence the mesoscopic aspects of the final monolayer
surface.
Using ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy, we have characterized the structural phases
of decanethiol on Au(111) at coverages below saturation. As coverage increases, the monolayer sequentially
adopts five discrete structural phases. At low surface coverage, decanethiol exists as a lattice gas. Above
a critical surface coverage, the molecules condense into islands of a commensurate crystalline lattice.
These islands grow in equilibrium with the lattice gas until saturation. As coverage increases, the surface
layer sequentially undergoes two first-order phase transitions, first to a metastable phase then to a stable
phase. The first three condensed phases are characterized by alignment of the molecular axes with the
surface plane but with discretely increasing degrees of out-of-plane interdigitation. Above saturation coverage
of the densest surface-aligned phase, the monolayer undergoes an edge-mediated melting transition. The
evidence suggests that the resulting fluid is a supercooled, two-dimensional liquid. The highest-density
phase, characterized by alignment of the molecular axes close to the surface normal, grows by homogeneous
nucleation from this supercooled liquid. These data provide a fundamental understanding of the mechanistic
pathway of molecular monolayer self-assembly.
Alkanethiols CHsfCtLin-iSH (Cn, n = 4, 6, 8, 10) were self-assembled from ethanolic solutions onto a single-crystal Au( 111) surface and characterized using an ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscope (STM). Short-chain homologues (C4 and Cg) exhibited a two-dimensional (2-D) liquid phase at room temperature. Facile mass transport of surface gold atoms was observed in the presence of the liquid phase. The short-chain homologues exhibited slow desorption of surface thiolate which led to the nucleation and growth of ordered domains having a unit cell of px J3 (8 < p < 10). No 2-D liquid phase was observed for longer chain homologues (Cs and C10).
On the basis of variable-temperature ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy data, we propose
a two-dimensional phase diagram of monolayer decanethiol on Au(111). Four triple-point temperatures
were determined: T
1 at ≈27 °C, T
2 at ≈33 °C, T
3 at ≈35 °C, and T
4 at ≈56 °C. T
1 defines the lowest
temperature melting point, and T
4 defines the temperature above which striped phases are metastable.
These data provide a fundamental framework to understand and control mesoscale monolayer structure;
moreover, they provide fundamental insight into the two-dimensional phase behavior of molecules with
many degrees-of-freedom.
We report the observation by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and low energy atom diffraction, of new, striped, structures at the surface of monolayers of n-alkane thiols [CH3 (CH2)n−1 SH with n=8,10,12] self-assembled on the (111) face of single crystal gold. These structures can be prepared by slow (room temperature) or thermally accelerated treatment of the well known c(4√3×2√3)R 30° phase formed by self-assembly in solution, or can be accessed directly by molecular beam deposition. With respect to the unit mesh of the gold substrate, the new striped structures can be described as p×√3 overlayers where 7.5≤p≤13. The discovery of these phases has implications for the understanding of the growth mechanisms and the pursuit of applications of this widely studied class of materials.
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