In this study we investigate for the first time the biomedical potential of using a membrane made from anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) for culturing the Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) epithelial cell line. Nano-porous aluminium oxide membranes exhibit interesting properties such as high porosity, which allows the exchange of molecules and nutrients across the membrane and can be made with highly specific pore sizes that can be preselected by adjusting the controlling parameters of a temperature controlled two-step anodization process. The cellular response and interactions of the MDCK cell line with the synthesised nano-porous AAO membrane, a commercially available membrane and a glass control were assessed by investigating cell adhesion, morphology and proliferation. The number of viable cells proliferating over the surface of each respective membrane was quantified over a 72 h period and revealed that synthesised alumina membrane was at least comparable to the glass control substrate. Furthermore, both optical and electron microscopy investigations revealed distinct evidence of focal adhesion sites on the nano-porous membranes and the penetration of cellular extensions into the pore structure. The results of the study indicate that nano-porous AAO membranes have the potential to become practical cell culture substrates with the ability to enhance adhesion and proliferation of MDCK cells.
Gold, a Historical PerspectiveGold is a metal that has fired the imagination of humanity for thousands of years and even today its allure continues to captivate the human mind. With a crustal abundance of only around 3-5 ppb, gold's scarcity has given the precious metal a unique status among many past and present civilizations. Its opaque, bright yellow color, and metallic lustre defines its physical beauty. The social structure and cultural atmosphere of many early civilizations valued gold so highly that they incorporated the ductile and malleable metal into lavish jewelry and elaborated ornaments for both decoration and religious purposes. Importantly, gold is chemically stable and not subject to atmospheric oxidation, and many of the artefacts that have survived from ancient civilizations still retain their physical beauty and lustre. Many civilizations, past and present, have used gold for the long-term building of wealth. Thus, ensuring the demand for this scarce metal is always high. Over the centuries, acquiring and building a gold
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