Radio Doppler data from the Galileo spacecraft's encounter with Amalthea, one of Jupiter's small inner moons, on 5 November 2002 yield a mass of (2.08 +/- 0.15) x 10(18) kilograms. Images of Amalthea from two Voyager spacecraft in 1979 and Galileo imaging between November 1996 and June 1997 yield a volume of (2.43 +/- 0.22) x 10(6) cubic kilometers. The satellite thus has a density of 857 +/- 99 kilograms per cubic meter. We suggest that Amalthea is porous and composed of water ice, as well as rocky material, and thus formed in a cold region of the solar system, possibly not at its present location near Jupiter.
A procedure has been developed for predicting the formation of NOx in gas turbine combustion systems operating at various conditions and on a variety of fuels, if the NOx produced by that engine is known for any one combination of fuel and operating condition. The predictions are based on a fundamental relationship between NOx formation and flame temperature with empirical adjustments for the special cases of fuel changes and water injection. Engine data indicate that the predictions are accurate within the data scatter limits that are normally encountered in engine field measurements. This work is not intended as a new kinetic model of NOx formation but rather as a useful tool for the engineer who has to predict what his engine will do under conditions where it has not yet been tested. It divides the NOx formation process into factors measurable by the engineer, i.e., flame temperature, pressure, and fuel flow rate, and shows how each of these contributes to the overall NOx in a predictable way.
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