Motivated by the unique catalytic activity of Cu/ZSM-5 in the decomposition of NO to N 2 + O 2 , the redox chemistry of Cu in zeolite ZSM-5 has been studied using FTIR, TPR, EPR, and EXAFS. Isolated ions, Cu 2+ , oxocations, [Cu-O-Cu] 2+ , and oxide particles have been identified. Their relative abundances depend on the overall Cu loading, the pH during ion exchange, and the gas atmosphere. Oxocations are only detected at Cu exchange levels exceeding 40%; their concentration is higher in high-pH preparations favoring hydrolysis. Oxocations are reduced by CO and NO at room temperature; they act as catalytic sites for the disproportionation of NO into N 2 O + NO 2 . CuO particles are detected in all samples; at elevated temperature they decompose in He to Cu 2 O. In FTIR Cu + is detected using CO or NO as a probe. Flowing H 2 reduces Cu 2+ ions; the first detectable product is Cu + because Cu 0 is thermodynamically unstable in the presence of Cu 2+ . After all Cu 2+ is used up Cu 0 is detected. In CO only oxide particles and oxocations are reduced, but when Cu 2+ ions are present, they react with Cu 0 to form Cu + ions. Zeolite protons oxidize Cu 0 to Cu + ; this process is accelerated by CO, which forms a stable Cu + -CO complex. Protons also react with CuO to Cu 2+ + H 2 O.

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The state and dispersion of Pt supported on mordenite have been studied using FTIR spectroscopy, CO chemisorption, and H-D isotope exchange of cyclopentane. Under conditions for which other criteria indicate the presence of monatomic Pt' , a characteristic IR band of adsorbed CO is identified at 2123 cm-'. The position of this band does not change with CO coverage, indicating an interaction between CO and highly dispersed Pt. A significant blue shift of the band with respect to that of CO on multiatomic Pt clusters and the disappearance of this band upon neutralizing the acidic OH groups show that the Pt atoms are electron-deficient and interact with zeolite protons. These FTIR data thus confirm the presence of extremely small Pt clusters, presumably [Pt,-H,]' + adducts, in H-mordenite.