Three viable technologies for storing hydrogen fuel on cars are
currently available: compressed
gas, metal hydride adsorption, and cryogenic liquid. However, each
of these has significant
disadvantages: volume, weight, boiling losses, or energy to
compress or liquefy the hydrogen.
Two alternative approaches are analyzed in this paper: pressure
vessels with cryogenic capability
and a combination of a metal hydride and liquid hydrogen storage.
These alternatives are
compared to baseline compressed hydrogen and liquid hydrogen
(LH2) storage in terms of volume,
vehicle range, dormancy, energy required for fuel processing, and cost.
The results indicate that
the alternative methods can result in a reduced volume, if packaging is
a constraint; or in an
extended range, if this is a desirable feature. Cryogenic pressure
vessels, with one-fifth the
insulation of LH2 systems, have comparable or better
dormancy than LH2 systems. Energy
requirements and cost appear favorable for the alternative
systems.
This paper describes the development of an alternative technology for storing hydrogen fuel onboard automobiles. Insulated pressure vessels are cryogenic-capable pressure vessels that can accept cryogenic liquid fuel, cryogenic compressed gas or compressed gas at ambient temperature. Insulated pressure vessels offer advantages over conventional H 2 storage approaches. Insulated pressure vessels are more compact and require less carbon fiber than GH 2 vessels. They have lower evaporative losses than LH 2 tanks, and are much lighter than metal hydrides.After outlining the advantages of hydrogen fuel and insulated pressure vessels, the paper describes the experimental and analytical work conducted to verify that insulated pressure vessels can be used safely for vehicular H 2 storage. The paper describes tests that have been conducted to evaluate the safety of insulated pressure vessels. Insulated pressure vessels have successfully completed a series of DOT, ISO and SAE certification tests. A draft procedure for insulated pressure vessel certification has been generated to assist in a future commercialization of this technology. An insulated pressure vessel has been installed in a hydrogen fueled truck and it is currently being subjected to extensive testing.2
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