A multifaceted cooperative research program involving industry, government and universities was initiated to determine the effects of feeding lactating dairy cows rations containing various levels of cotton‐seed and cottonseed meal that had been naturally contaminated with aflatoxins. Evidence is presented that ammoniation of aflatoxin‐contaminated cottonseed and cottonseed meal eliminates the aflatoxins, producing a product safe for feeding to ruminants. The aflatoxin M1 content of milk samples of individual cows receiving rations containing (a) prime cottonseed meal, (b) aflatoxin contaminated meal, and (c) aflatoxin contaminated meal that had ammoniation treatment is reported. Data comparing results with (d) prime cottonseed, (e) aflatoxin contaminated seed, and (f) aflatoxin‐contaminated seed that had ammoniation treatment are also reported. None of the milk samples from cows fed ammoniated rations contained any detectable M1 by the modified Jacobson et al. methodology used. The sensitibity of the method in this laboratory is 0.1 μg M1/liter of milk. Under the conditions of this study, aflatoxin M1 levels are related to the levels of aflatoxin B1 consumed in the diet of the cows. Conversion ratios are reported. Aflatoxin M1 levels in the milk, relative to the time of the cows’ initial ingestion of aflatoxin B1, the persistence of M1 in the milk after discontinuing ingestion of B1, and disappearance of M1 under the conditions of the analytical methodology used relative to storage time and temperatures, are reported for liquid milk and for frozen milk. Milk containing the highest level of aflatoxin M1 was treated with rennet. An 80:20 partion of aflatoxin M1 was observed between curd and whey, respectively.
Miscella refining can be practiced as a batch process or, preferably, as a continuous process with oil concentrations through the range of 30–70% by wt of oil. Miscella refining is preferably practiced at the oilseed solvent extraction plant for the economic reason of single solvent recovery system. Three immediate benefits are lower refining loss, lighter colored refined oil, and elimination of water washing. Various types of chemical conditioning, mechanical conditioning, and combinations of both are discussed for miscella refining certain oils. Blends of compatible crude oils can be advantageously miscella refined and, if desired, winterized or hydrogenated to produce oils with unique properties.
Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used to analyze a variety of agricultural commodities. Many times the success or lack of it has been due to inadequate computational capabilities or asking more of the instrument than its capabilities. This study showed that for the development of multiple analytical methods by Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) a sophisticated instrument computer software system can perform multiple analyses and that different data treatments were required for each constituent. In this case a scanning monochromator with a digital mini computer and the USDA/Pennsylvania State University software system could easily be calibrated to determine simultaneously the percentages of moisture, protein and residual oil in cottonseed meal. High RSQ (.98–.99 for all constituents) and low standard errors of prediction (SEP) (0.18 moisture, 0.1 oil and 0.34 protein) were obtained. Success was due to the acquisition of sufficient data for all three analyses (via the monochromator) and the use of sufficient computing power to obtain an optimized calibration where each constituent required a different mathematical data treatment.
SummaryPlant operating‐procedures and laboratory controls were set up to evaluate the quality of meal and oil which could be produced through each stage of commercial, prepress‐solvent‐extraction processing. By altering conventional, prepress‐solvent‐processing conditions and by increasing moisture during cooking and adding granular soda ash after cooking meats, cottonseed meal rations can be produced which are comparable in feed efficiency to soybean meal rations and satisfactory for feeding laying hens in amounts up to 10% of the total weight of the ration with no egg‐yolk discoloration and crude cottonseed oils with low F.F.A. and light color can be produced which refined to low Lovibond colors and with ferining losses approximating the chromatographic loss when miscella refined within minutes after separation from the source material with the exclusion of air and light.
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