Izvleček UDK 551.44:551.581 Giovanni Badino: Podzemna meteorologija: "Kakšno je vreme v podzemlju?" Namen prispevka je predstaviti nekatere pre�odne pojave, ki vplivajo na jamsko klimo. Pri tem iz�ajam iz osnovni� zakonov fizike in izvirni� eksperimentalni� podatkov. V prvem delu obravnavam povprečne klimatske pogoje v jama� in nji-�ovo povezavo z zunanjo klimo, okoliško kamnine, podzemno vodo ter zunanjo topografijo. Pokažem pomen in vlogo temperaturnega gradienta v jama�. V drugem delu obravnavam pre�odne pojave in z njimi povezane ključne meteorološke procese v podzemlju. Predstavim fiziko temperaturne sedimentacije, temperaturna območja v podzemlju, infrazvočna ni�anja jamske atmosfere in kondenzacijo v jama�. Eksperimentalne raziskave te� procesov so za�tevne, saj gre za ma-j�na ni�anja časovno spremenljivi� vrednosti; kljub temu se pokaže, da so spremembe vrednosti od jame do jame in tudi znotraj ene same jame presenetljivo velike. Dobra interpretacija meritev, razumevanje nekateri� speleogenetski� procesov in učinkovita zaščita jamskega okolja, bodo mogoči le na osnovi dobrega poznavanja in razumevanja osnovni� klimatski� procesov v jama�. Ključne besede: termalna sedimentacija, območje temperatur, infrazvok, oblaki v jama�, jamska meteorologija, zaščita jam.

The term Milieu Souterrain Superficiel (MSS) has been used since the early 1980s in subterranean biology to categorize an array of different hypogean habitats. In general terms, a MSS habitat represents the underground network of empty air-filled voids and cracks developing within multiple layers of rock fragments. Its origins can be diverse and is generally covered by topsoil. The MSS habitat is often connected both with the deep hypogean domain-caves and deep rock cracks-and the superficial soil horizon. A MSS is usually characterized by peculiar microclimatic conditions, and it can harbor specialized hypogean, endogean, and surface-dwelling species. In light of the many interpretations given by different authors, we reviewed 235 papers regarding the MSS in order to provide a state-of-the-art description of these habitats and facilitate their study. We have briefly described the different types of MSS mentioned in the scientific literature (alluvial, bedrock, colluvial, volcanic, and other types) and synthesized the advances in the study of the physical and ecological factors affecting this habitat-i.e., microclimate, energy flows, animal communities, and trophic interactions. We finally described and reviewed the available sampling methods used to investigate MSS fauna.

We present the analysis of the muon events with all muon multiplicities collected during 21804 hours of operation of the first LVD tower. The measured angular distribution of muon intensity has been converted to the 'depth -vertical intensity' relation in the depth range from 3 to 12 km w.e.. The analysis of this relation allowed to derive the power index, γ, of the primary all-nucleon spectrum: γ = 2.78 ± 0.05. The 'depth -vertical intensity' relation has been converted to standard rock and the comparison with the data of other experiments has been done. We present also the derived vertical muon spectrum at sea level.PACS numbers: 13.85.T, 96.40.T

A. S. 1)6Au=uIN(**), V. G. RYASSNY(**), 0. G. RYAZHSKAYA(**), 0. SAAVEDRA(*), V. P. TALQCHEIN(**), G. TRINCHERO(*), S. VERNE~TO(*), G. T. ZATSEPIN(**) and V. F. YAKUSHEV(**) (*) Istituto di C o s m o g w f e del C.N.R.

The physical processes that establish the cave temperature are briefly discussed, showing that cave temperature is generally strictly connected with the external climate. The Global Climatic changes can then influence also the underground climate. It is shown that the mountain thermal inertia causes a delay between the two climates and then a thermal unbalance between the cave and the atmosphere. As a consequence there is a net energy flux from the atmosphere to the mountain, larger than the geothermal one, which is deposited mainly in the epidermal parts of caves.Key words: Global Climatic Change underground, cave temperature, cave climate, cave thermal capacity, underground-atmosphere thermal interaction IntroductionThe temperature inside the caves is quite constant unlike the fluids that flow inside from the external atmosphere. The reason is that in the underground the fluids enter in thermal contact with other substances with much larger thermal capacity. In very first approximation we can consider a cave as a thermally insulated system in which air and water streams flow at variable temperature. It is easy to show that its temperature asymptotically approaches the average fluid temperature weighted with the inflowing thermal capacity fluxes (Appendix A). It is also possible to show that the thermal capacity of inflowing water is generally much larger than the thermal capacity of air, and its very near to the local average temperature T L (Badino, 1995); then in very first approximation we can consider that the cave temperature T is almost equal to T L , with some important corrections that we are going to see briefly. The main purpose of this work is to discuss the effects of Global Climatic Changes on the cave temperatures.