New evidence on the nature of recession populations of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.), and on the nature and role of its outbreaks is presented. It is shown that the hopper bands and swarms reported during the 1963–67 recession differed qualitatively and quantitatively from those characteristic of plague periods and were numerically much smaller than some low density non-swarming populations. Gregarisation frequently occurs in the latter and may be on a scale sufficient to give rise to an outbreak; in turn outbreaks may lead to plague upsurges.
SUMMARY Our information on the extent and the distribution of the vegetation types on Socotra referable to the arid zone may be summarized as follows: 1. Maritime vegetation is present over small areas along the coast of Socotra. The observed communities have been described and similar, or slightly different, ones are believed to exist to a limited extent in other parts of the island which were not seen, such as near Kalansiya and at Shoab and possibly elsewhere. 2. Desert vegetation. No vegetation community can truly be ascribed to this type. There are limited gravel and sand stretches on the coastal plain, where the paucity of the vegetation is due to edaphic aridity, and parts of the limestone plateau, where perennial growth is reduced by winds, but the existing vegetation can be described as a debased form of other plant communities reaching the climax under more favourable conditions. 3. Subdesert shrub and grass covers most of the island, i.e. the whole of the southern coast, most of the northern coast and the western and central parts of the limestone plateau. 4. Subdesert shrub with trees is another well‐represented vegetation type, comprising the rock communities of the limestone slopes, the Boswellia‐Dracaena community of Homhil and possibly other similarly sheltered parts of the limestone plateau. 5. Subdesert scrub is not represented, at least in its typical composition. On the basis of the vegetation cover one might possibly regard the denser Croton formations as belonging to this type, but this would be atypical in relation to the communities characteristic of this type. 6. Subdesert bush and thicket. The mixed thickets of the lower slopes of the Hagghier and some of the sheltered valleys within the limestone region, such as the Goahal gorge can only be ascribed to this type, even though somewhat atypical. 7. Xerophilous open woodland is not represented in its typical composition. 8. Vegetation of sites where water is present includes numerous riverine communities and the cultivations of Socotra. 9. Vegetation of semi‐arid type. The vegetation of the semi‐arid zone is confined to the highlands of the Hagghier, above the height of 850 m., where only two vegetation types can be recognized, the Open grassland and the Evergreen scrub.
A new plague of the Desert Locust Schistocerca gregaria started in 1986; it developed quickly in 1987 in the Sahelian countries and reached northwest Africa at the end of 1987. It expanded in 1988 in north Africa, the Sahel, the Sudan, the Near East, southwest Asia, and in October 1988, swarms crossed the Atlantic to the Caribbean. The plague declined dramatically in the past quarter of 1988, and by March 1989 the plague was over. A study of the latest known upsurges provides more support to the theory that a build-up of locusts arises from initially low-density populations rather than from the persistence of undetected swarming populations. The decline of the recent plague was probably attributable to the cumulative effect of control operations combined with natural environmental factors. Prevention of new plagues of the Desert Locust will be much more difficult as the restriction on the use of dieldrin poses major technical, logistic and financial problems.
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