The review presents up-to-date information on the health effects of ambient fine particulate matter, obtained in large cohort epidemiological studies, as well as in meta-analysis of pooled data. In addition, it summarizes the current data on the potential pathological mechanisms and existing monitoring systems. The literature search used the Scopus, PubMed, Russian Science Citation Index databases for 19902020. The results of epidemiological studies carried out in different countries indicate that fine particles in ambient air pose a serious threat to health. Scientific publications assessing the health impact of particulate matter show a wide range of adverse effects from the increasing incidence of upper and lower respiratory tract diseases, including exacerbations of bronchial asthma, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, to a high incidence of myocardial infarction, strokes, diabetes mellitus type 2, as well as an increase in overall mortality from natural causes, mainly mortality from respiratory diseases, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, lung cancer. The effects of short-term exposures are described in more detail, while the effects of long-term exposure to fine particles are not well understood. Potential mechanisms of the harmful effects of fine particulate matter include oxidative stress, inflammatory reactions, disorders of autonomic regulation and heart rhythm, fine particles translocation through the alveolar barrier into the vascular bed with endothelial damage and thrombus formation, and genotoxicity. Ambient fine particulate matter is a manageable risk factor, and reductions in air pollution will have a significant impact on public health outcomes.
Aim. Comparative assessment of the effect of fibrous materials on cell cultures RAW264.7 and BEAS-2B. Methods. The effects of various fibrous materials single-walled carbon nanotubes of two types (SWCNT-1 and SWCNT-2), differing in morphological characteristics, and chrysotile asbestos as a positive control was assessed on two cell lines macrophages RAW 264.7 and human bronchial epithelium BEAS-2B cells. The studied materials concentration range for experiments on cells was selected taking into account the SWCNT content in the air of the working area and the subsequent modeling of SWCNT deposition in the human respiratory tract. Suspensions of the studied materials were prepared based on cell culture media by ultrasonication. Cytotoxicity assessment after 48 hours of incubation was performed by using the MTS colorimetric assay. The expression level of apoptosis markers was assessed by immunoblotting using the corresponding monoclonal antibodies. Visualization of SWCNT-1, SWCNT-2 and chrysotile asbestos in BEAS-2B cell cultures was carried out by improved dark-field microscopy. Results. According to dark-field microscopy, all the studied fibrous materials were found on the surface or cytoplasm of the cells. SWCNT and chrysotile asbestos did not have a direct cytotoxic effect in the MTS assay and did not induce apoptosis according to the results of Western blotting in cell cultures of RAW264.7 macrophages and BEAS-2B bronchial epithelium. In the cells of the bronchial epithelium (BEAS-2B) that showed greater sensitivity, a slight increase in the expression of pro-apoptotic protein PARP, which was more pronounced for shorter SWCNT-2, was revealed. Conclusion. Both types of SWCNTs, despite the differences in morphological characteristics, demonstrated similar effects in in vitro experiments; this result, with its further verification, can have an important practical application in justifying approaches to determining the safety criteria for single-walled carbon nanotubes as a class of nanomaterials of the same type.
BACKGROUND: It is now well established that allergens induce eosinophilic inflammation in T2 endotype of asthma. However, much less is known about the role of non-specific factors (suspended particles in the atmospheric air-PM). AIMS: To define eosinophilic inflammation on the basis of several biomarkers in T2 endotype of asthma exposed to PM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 61 patients with T2 endotype of asthma (ages 18-65). Group 1 included 34 patients with allergic asthma and group 2 included 27 patients with non-allergic asthma. Moreover, 30 healthy matched controls without asthma and other allergic diseases were enrolled the study. We performed clinical examination and allergy testing. Additionally, serum levels of IL-33, IL-25, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, DPP4 (multiplex assay) and periostin (ELISA) were evaluated. The analyses of annual concentration average (Avr) and maximal annual concentration (MaxAvr) average of PM2.5 and PM10 in Kazan were carried out using the database of the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Republic of Tatarstan for 2014-2020. Statistical analyseswere performedusing the R statistical software (version 4.0.5). The study was funded by RFBR (project number 19-05-50094). RESULTS: We detected increased blood eosinophil count and IL-5 levels in asthma patients. High levels of total IgE (p=0.0001), that correlated with IL-4 levels were observed only in patients with allergic asthma (rS=0.38; р=0.045). Moreover, elevated IL-25 levels were found in patients with allergic asthma (p=0.009). No significant differences in IL-13 levels in patient with asthma were found. Regression analysis revealed that the PM2.5Avr increase by 1 mcg/m3 results in the growth of IL-33 and IL-25 levels, but the PM10Avr increase raises the IL-25 levels only in patients with non-allergic asthma. No significant increase in IL-25 and IL-33 levels under the exposure to PM2.5Avr and PM 10Avr was detected in patients with allergic asthma. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate the pivotal role of fine suspended particles in the development and maintenance of eosinophilic inflammation in patients with non-allergic asthma.
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of fine suspended particles in the atmospheric air on the formation and course of allergic and non-allergic phenotypes of the T2 endotype of bronchial asthma (BA) using the case-control study. Materials and methods. BA patients were selected in the course of seeking medical help. The groups were formed on the base of matching criteria (gender, age, body mass index, level of education), supplemented by the collection of information about potential cofounders. Based on the data on monitoring the content of fine suspended particles in the atmospheric air of Kazan, the average annual and maximum concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 fractions were determined in the residential areas. The group of “cases” included forty patients with an allergic phenotype and 42 patients with an eosinophilic non-allergic phenotype of bronchial asthma, the control group included forty eight people. Additionally, sampling of atmospheric air was carried out using an 8-stage impactor to assess the content of bacterial endotoxin, and elemental composition. Results. Higher levels of pollution with fine suspended particles were demonstrated in the areas of residence of BA patients, comparing to the control group. An increase in the average annual concentration of the PM2.5 by 10 µg/m3 increases the odds of the eosinophilic non-allergic BA phenotype in adults by 4.76 times. The odds of the allergic phenotype of bronchial asthma increases in the presence of bacterial endotoxin - 1.32 times per 0.01 EU/m3 of endotoxin in the 3.2-18 µm size fraction. A more severe course of the eosinophilic non-allergic BA phenotype was noted at higher average annual concentrations of the PM2.5. The control of allergic asthma depends on the bacterial contamination of the aerosol. Limitations of the study are related to the use of geospatial approach to assess personalized average annual and maximum annual concentrations. Conclusion. The role of fine suspended particles in the atmospheric air in the development of bronchial asthma in adults has been shown. Various mechanisms were established to be involved in the formation of the clinical picture of the eosinophilic non-allergic and allergic phenotypes of bronchial asthma.
The aim of the study was to study the role of fine suspended particles in the atmospheric air in the formation of allergic, non-allergic and mixed phenotypes of bronchial asthma in adults. Methods. The analysis of atmospheric air pollution by fine particles in Kazan was carried out according to the database of social and hygienic monitoring of the FBUZ "Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Republic of Tatarstan" for 2014-2020. To study the relationship between the level of atmospheric air pollution with fine particles and bronchial asthma in adults (18-65 years old), a retrospective analysis of the incidence of bronchial asthma (ICD-10 codes J45.0, J45.1, J45.8) was carried out during the same period among the population of Kazan. The regional medical information system "Electronic Health of the Republic of Tatarstan" was used. Statistical modeling was carried out using the method of mixed models based on the Poisson distribution or the negative binomial distribution. Results. The average annual absolute risk of bronchial asthma in the adult population of Kazan was 0.51 per 100 people aged 18-65 years, an increase of 0.09 per 100 people (17.6%) per year (p = 0.039). An increase in the annual maximum concentrations of PM2.5 by 10 g increased the absolute risk of non-allergic bronchial asthma by 0.066 per 100 people aged 18-65 years (p=0.043). Similar dependences, but without statistical significance at the level of p0.05, were found for such exposure parameters as the mass concentration of PM10 and the mass of particles deposited in the tracheobronchial and respiratory sections of the lungs. For allergic and mixed asthma, no statistically significant relationships with mass concentrations and deposited doses of suspended particles were found. Conclusions. Air pollution with fine suspended particles increases the risk of developing a non-allergic phenotype of adult bronchial asthma, which may be associated with specific pathogenetic mechanisms, including the reaction of the epithelium to the deposition of fine particles.
The unique physicochemical properties of carbon nanotubes allow them to be used in many fields. The global nanomaterials market is growing every year. An important step in introducing products to the domestic and world markets is to determine the safe exposure levels of CNTs. Establishing a corporate standard can serve as a preliminary stage before the approval of a state hygiene standard. Justification of the corporate standard is carried out in in vitro and in vivo experiments. The planning of experiments should be carried out taking into account the target organ under the influence of CNT - the respiratory system. The recommended dose / concentration range for experiments should include doses / concentrations derived from calculated and literature data. A necessary step is to obtain homogeneous dispersions in which CNTs become bioavailable for biological systems. During in vitro and in vivo experiments, the exposure level is determined at which no harmful effect is observed and / or the lowest level of exposure at which there is a harmful effect on the cell culture / respiratory tract of animals.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.