The establishment of safe and effective methods for controlling fungal diseases is an urgent issue in agriculture and forestry. Fungicide research has provided a wide range of products with new modes of action. Extensive use of these compounds in agriculture enhances public anxiety due to the harmful potential for the environment and human health. Moreover, the phytotoxic effects of some fungicides are already recognized but still little is known about their influence on the photosynthetic apparatus and plant physiology. This review provides an understanding of the mechanisms of action of fungicides, mechanisms of fungicide resistance development, and the phenomenon of phytotoxicity.
Fusarium infection promotes losses of yield and death of plants. Fusarium infections are dangerous because grains contain fusariotoxins that cause intoxication in humans and animals, as well as necrosis of plant tissues and changes in plant growth. Fungicides inhibit the growth of mycelium, but strobilurins are known to promote the production of mycotoxins by fungi, and triazoles, on the contrary, reduce the production of deoxynivalenol. The toxigenic effect of fungicides was assessed by biotest method. Wheat grains were germinated with the addition of disinfected culture fluid. The culture fluid after the cultivation of Fusarium oxysporum with addition of azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin in small doses was toxic for grains. The death of a significant part of the grains was noted in it. The fungistatic effect of small doses was not expressed. Therefore, the adaptation of the fungus was realized as a change in metabolism. High doses of azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin in culture fluid increased seed germination. Those doses had a fungistatic effect. The addition of carbendazim increased the fungistatic effect and decreased the toxicity of the strain. Development of combined fungicides with sufficient doses of active substances reduces the risk of inhibition of the growth of the protected crops.
Abstract. The research was realized in the field of the technology for re-use of waste of sunflower-seed oil production. A technological scheme of production of melanin from sunflower husk as a waste was developed. Re-cycling will give the opportunity to reduce the amount of waste and to obtain an additional source of income.
Biological remediation is the final stage of soil remediation. It is carried out to reduce and prevent the effects of technological disturbances. Plants can uptake and transform heavy metals, inorganic anions, oil products and pesticides. Recommendations were based on the practice experience and scientific researches. The quantitative chemical analysis of the soil pollutants demonstrated the presence of cations of heavy metals and oil products, and a rather high content of chlorides and sulfates was also detected. Such soils should be considered as saline. Therefore, plants for remediation should: a) correspond to the natural and climatic zone; b) show resistance to pollutants; c) plants must be salt tolerant. The composition consists of the following herbs. Medicago x varia Martyn is promising for areas with extreme environmental conditions. Agropyron tenerum Vasey is a good plant for phytoremediation of oil-sludge-contaminated soil. Festuca pratensis is well in universal, road, construction, sports lawns, and for special purposed lawns. Dactylis glomerata decreases gaseous mercury emission to the atmosphere and mercury mobility in soils. Phleum pratense have high phytostabilization potential in polluted soils and adaptation to soil pollution by this metals. That mixture is resistant for contaminated soils.
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