The level of GFR is an independent risk factor for ASCVD and de novo ASCVD in the ARIC study.

Anemia is an independent risk factor for CVD outcomes in the ARIC cohort, a community cohort of subjects between the ages of 45 and 64 years.

The level of GFR is an independent risk factor for CVD, de novo CVD, and all-cause mortality in the elderly.

Decreased kidney function and anemia are risk factors for all-cause mortality in patients with LV dysfunction, especially when both are present. These relationships need to be confirmed in additional studies.

The level of glomerular filtration rate can be estimated from the serum creatinine concentration and other easily measured patient variables from prediction equations developed using multivariable regression techniques. Recently, a new equation has been developed from the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study, which is more accurate than other equations and more accurate than measurement of creatinine clearance. The authors recommend using prediction equations in clinical practice to estimate the level of glomerular filtration rate.

The National Kidney Foundation's guidelines for CKD make the following recommendations about assessment of kidney function. Estimates of GFR are the best overall indices of the level of kidney function. The level of GFR should be estimated from prediction equations that take into account the serum creatinine concentration and some or all of the following variables: age, gender, race, and body size. In adults, the MDRD study and Cockcroft-Gault equations provide useful estimates of GFR. In children, the Schwartz and Counahan-Barratt equations are useful. The serum creatinine concentration should not be used alone to assess the level of kidney function. Clinical laboratories should report an estimate of GFR using a prediction equation, in addition to reporting the creatinine measurements. Autoanalyzer manufacturers and clinical laboratories should calibrate serum creatinine assays using an international standard. Measurement of creatinine clearance using timed (e.g., 24-hour) urine collections does not improve the estimate of GFR over that provided by prediction equations. A 24-hour urine sample provides useful information for estimation of GFR in individuals with exceptional dietary intake (vegetarian diet, use of creatine supplements) or muscle mass (amputation, malnutrition, muscle wasting). It is also useful for assessment of diet and nutritional status and need to start dialysis.

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Dengue fever might progress to complications involving bleeding manifestations, CNS manifestations, Respiratory complications and hepatobiliary complications. This study deals with serum sodium levels as a prognostic marker in dengue positive patients who have progressed to the above mentioned complications. ABSTRACTBackground: Dengue fever is an arboviral infection which is mosquito transmitted, most common in tropical and subtropical countries. Worldwide around 2.5 billion population are at the risk of developing dengue infection. Methods: The study was carried out in a 5 bedded (high dependency unit) PICU of Navodaya Medical College and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, India. The study was approved by the ethical committee of the hospital. The study was performed over a period of 12 months from August 2015 -August 2016. The study group included individuals from the age group of 1 month to 18 years, who were diagnosed with dengue fever. Results: Out of the total 99 cases, 36 cases had no variation in serum sodium levels, 33 cases were mild hyponatremic, 12 cases were moderate hyponatremic and 18 cases were severely hyponatremic. Out of the 36 cases with normal serum sodium levels, only 1 case progressed to bleeding complications. Out of the 33 cases with mild serum sodium levels, 2 cases progressed to complications out of which 1 case having bleeding manifestations and 1 case having both bleeding and central nervous system (CNS) complications. Conclusions: Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disturbance in dengue fever as well as dengue associated complications. The lower the serum sodium levels the higher is the incidence of complications associated with dengue fever. The incidence of CNS and bleeding complications is more as compared to the RS and hepatobiliary complications. The incidence of RS and hepatobiliary complications is high with moderate and severe hyponatremia. Thus serum sodium plays a most important role in the prognosis of dengue fever and associated complications..