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Extensive data for flat-blade turbine impeller systems have been correlated to provide equations for power requirements and interfacial area. The gassed to ungassed power ratio is represented by

The comments concernin the annular rheometer should also apply to the falling cygnder rheometer since it is essentially an annular flow system with a moving boundary.From the above discussion one may conclude that the method proposed by Swift et al. using the equations developed for the Couette, annular, and falling cylinder rheometers to obtain shear stress-shear rate data is an approximate one in which the accuracy of the results improve as Ri -+ R,. ACKNOWLEDGMENTThe author is indebted to Dr. W. R. Schowalter for his comments and suggestions concerning the usefulness and clarity of various approaches taken in the development of this communication. NOTATION f i = functionality symbol L = length over which AP is measured m

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tom of each pot was connected with copper tubing to a 30-in differential manometer which used mercury as the meterAir-water two-phase flow was utd-(1 ) in 1955 published a correlation ing element. The portion of the pots below ized as early as 1797 in an air-lift for pressure drop in horizontal turbu-the taps and the copper tubing were filled pump invented by a German, Carl lent flow. Experimental data were ob-with the test liquid as a seal fluid on the Loscher. Vertical two-phase flow was tained in l-%-in. and 3-in. pipes at mercury. The diameter of the surge pots again used in 1927 in the Seminole, pressures up to 100 lb./sq. in. abs. was selected so that the cross-sectional Oldahoma, oil fields to produce oil by The correlation shows agreement within area of the pots was about 200 times the gas lift. Cromer (2) in 1936 visually 20% for these data and the data used crcss-sectiond area of the nmmw~er-A observed the upward flow of mixtures by Lockhart and Martinelli for their change in manometer level thus reflected a negligible change in level in the surge of air and water in a vertical pipe. correlation. Four flow regimes were reported, but Vertical steam-water flow at high pot. One quick shutoff valve was installed in practice the transition between pressure has been of interest for nu-below the bottom pressure tap and a setregimes is indistinct and it is some-Clear reactors. Egen, Dingee, and above the top pressure tap. These times difficult to determine the regime Chastain ( 4 ) reported holdup data for l-in. valves were closed by air pressure for a given condition. Schurig (I?'), steam-water at 2,000 lb./sq. in. abs. from two solenoid valves. Each solenoid Kr:gel ( l o ) , Dukler ( 3 ) , McElwee in a channel 1 in. by 0.103 in. cross and shutoff valve was connected by iden-(14), Galegar, Stovall, and Hunting-section. Studies of pressure drop and tical piping, and the solenoids were operton ( 5 ) , and Govier, Radford, and heat transfer during boiling have been ated from a single electrical switch to obDunn (6) have obtained data for the reported by many investigators (9, 12, tain simultaneous shutoff of the valves.A pressure gauge was installed in the air-water system in vertical upward 13, 19, 20). flow. Yagi and co-workers (21, 22) obThe purpose of the research de-test section at the Of the bottom tained data for the air-water and air-scribed here was to obtain data for a pressure tap. A drain connection was provided above the bottom valve, and a vent oil systems over limited ranges of flow. variety of liquids over a wide range was installed below the top valve.Sehwarz (18) reported holdup data of flow rates and from this to obtain The desired liquid flow for a run was for the steam-water system at 20-to generalized correlations that would lnetered to the test section through a 80-atm. pressure. Isbin, Sher, and permit reliable prediction of holdup rotameter. After the manometer had Eddy (7) reported holdup data for and pressure drop in vertical upward reached a steady reading, the desired gas the steam-wa...