The study of metaphor has gone through more than two thousand years. The traditional method of metaphor study was confined to the field of rhetoric. In this method, metaphor was considered as a decorative part of the language. Modern metaphor studies have found that metaphor is not just a rhetoric device, but also a cognitive phenomenon. People use metaphor to cognize, to think and to describe experiences of ordinary life. During the communication of people in different cultural backgrounds, metaphor is often used, so the translation of metaphor is surely important. In this article, based on the cognitive perspective, there are three kinds of methods of metaphor translation, image-retaining translation, image-changing translation and image-omitting translation. Each of the translation method has its own situation for using. The translator should make a flexible method in the concrete context and never just stick to the rules.
Gaming or gambling has a crucial and distinctive place in the Australian culture. Many Australians are proud of their reputation as a nation of people who will "bet on two flies on the wall". This study attempts to explore the popularity of gaming in Australia and its relationship with the Australian national identity. Three representative elements in Australian national identity, egalitarianism, fatalism and mateship are discussed together with gaming, revealing a result that those cultural factors are all embodied in gaming. The study focuses on the cultural factors integrated in the gaming activities, using cultural elements to explain the significant social phenomenon.
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