Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) belonging to pattern recognition receptors are involved in maintaining testicular and epididymal immune homeostasis. The purpose of the current study was to investigate TLR4 expression in rat testis and epididymis throughout postnatal development. Weak staining was detected in peritubular myoid cells and immature Sertoli cells while no staining was observed in gonocytes during prepubertal period. However, TLR4 expression began to appear in spermatocytes in pubertal period and gradually increased in spermatids. An intense staining was observed in steps 5–19 spermatids in post pubertal and mature periods. Similarly, TLR4 expression in the testes steadily increased from pubertal period to mature period. Puberty also caused a significant increase in TLR4 expression in epididymis. TLR4 expression in cauda epididymis was lower as compared to those of other epididymal segments. The majority of epididymal epithelial cells exhibited apical TLR4 expression, whereas basal cells showed intense intracytoplasmic immunoreaction. We detected an intense staining in epididymal smooth muscle cells. The expression levels of TLR4 showed dynamic changes in both spermatogenic cells, and entire testicular and epididymal tissues during postnatal development. These results suggest that TLR4 expression contributes not only to inflammation but also to the development of spermatogenic cells.
Nosemosis, Nosema apis ve Nosema ceranae'nin neden olduğu ergin bal arılarının (Apis mellifera) ciddi bir paraziter hastalığıdır. Hastalık mide (orta bağırsak) mukozasında sindirim ve metabolik bozukluklara neden olan kritik değişikliklere yol açabilir. Bu çalışmada sağlıklı ve enfekte işçi arıların mide mukozasının histokimyasal özellikleri ile birlikte mukozanın ve peritrofik membranın yapısındaki değişikliklerin karşılaştırılması amaçlandı. Doku örnekleri Kalecik/Ankara bölgesindeki kolonilerden toplanan sağlıklı ve enfekte işçi arılardan alındı. Doku örnekleri, % 10 nötr tamponlu formalin çözeltisi içinde tespit edildi, parafine gömüldü ve 5 µm kalınlığında kesitler alındı. Kesitler, genel morfolojik değişiklikleri ortaya çıkarmak için Mallory’in üçlü boyaması, nötr mukosubsansları, asit ve sülfat mukosubsanslarını tanınmlamak içinse periyodik asit-Schiff (PAS), Alcian blue ve Toluidin blue (TB) ile boyandı. Mide epitelinin analizi, bazı hücrelerin çekirdeklerinin ortadan kaybolduğunu, bu hücrelerin sitoplazmasının çeşitli boyutlarda vakuollerle yoğun bir şekilde granüle edildiğini, hücre sınırlarının açıkça belirlenemediğini ve hücre zarlarının çoğunun parçalandığını gösterdi. Histokimyasal analiz, karboksilik gruplara sahip ve siyalik asit bakımından zengin mukosubtans üretiminde bir azalmayı ortaya koydu. Sonuçlarımız bu sekresyonun azalmasında hangi mekanizmaların yer aldığını açıklamak için yeterli değildi. Bununla birlikte, nosemosisin besin bloke edici etkisi ve enfekte epitel hücrelerinin ölümünün mukosubtans üretimini üzerine olumsuz etkileri olabileceği düşünülmektedir.
Toll-like receptors take an essential part in innate immunity in response to invasion of the various harmful pathogens. We aimed to investigate TLR2, 7 and 8 expression in rat testis and epididymis throughout postnatal development. In the prepubertal period, TLR2 and 7 were variably localized to peritubular myoid cells, interstitial cells, blood vessels, epithelial cells, ductal smooth muscle cells in testis and epididymis. In the pubertal period, immunostaining of TLR2 and 7 started to be seen in primary spermatocytes, as well as other cells, in the testis. Narrow cells showed strong intracytoplasmic staining in the epididymis. In the postpubertal period, moderate to strong immunostaining of TLR2 and TLR7 was seen in spermatids at different developmental steps but weak immunoreaction in pachytene spermatocytes. Other cells in testis and epididymis showed variable immunostaining of TLR2 and 7. However, weak to moderate immunoreaction to TLR8 was detected in only interstitial cells in testis. In the mature period, immunostaining of TLR2, 7 and 8 tended to increase in different types of cells in testis and epididymis. Our findings suggest that expression of TLR2, 7 and 8 changed dynamically during postnatal development and increased towards mature period. We consider that TLR2, 7 and 8 might be associated with the regulation of spermatogenesis and the maintenance of innate immunity of testis and epididymis during postnatal development.
The object of this study was to describe the prenatal development and histochemical properties of mucins in the sheep gastrointestinal tract. To determine changes in the mucin profile, the sections were stained with specific histochemical stains for carbohydrates. While neutral and mixed mucins were observed in the superficial epithelial cells of the abomasal pyloric region, acidic mucins were detected in the secretory ducts and corpus of the glands. Acidic mucins consisted predominantly of sialomucins. In the duodenal villi, the number of goblet cells containing neutral mucins increased toward the end of gestation, whereas Brunner's glands contained acidic mucins until the 95th day of gestation and both acidic and neutral mucins thereafter. The jejunal goblet cells contained either acidic, neutral, or mixed mucins. Goblet cells containing acidic mucins, which were mainly localized to the ileal crypts and villi, mostly contained sulfated mucins. While villi were observed in the proximal colon until the 115th day of gestation, later the typical crypt structure emerged. During the period in which the villi were found in the proximal colon, the goblet cells containing sulphomucins were predominant, whereas the goblet cells containing sialomucins were predominant after the typical crypt structure was formed. In conclusion, gastrointestinal mucins may be involved in the formation of meconium during the prenatal period, and acidic mucins may contribute to the strength of the intestinal barrier against pathogens and digestive enzymes, as the barrier is not fully functional after birth.
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