The importance of considering bone quality during oral implant treatment is increasingly being recognized. Assessment of bone quality in response to changes in the jaw bone is extremely important when planning treatment. The present study analyzed biological apatite (BAp) crystallites, a bone quality factor, in order to investigate crystallographic anisotropy in dentate and edentulous human mandibles. Using mandibular samples from Japanese adult cadavers, a region of interest was established comprising cortical bone in the central incisors. Samples were classified into five morphological categories based on the extent of bone resorption. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured and diffraction intensity ratios were calculated using a microbeam X‐ray diffraction system. While no differences were observed in BMD, differences were observed in BAp crystallite alignment between the measurement points. In the alveolar region, samples with residual alveolar bone showed strong alignment in the occlusal direction, while samples with marked alveolar bone resorption had preferential alignment in the mesiodistal direction. The present findings suggest that tooth loss and the extent of alveolar bone resorption affects bone quality in the mandible. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B: 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 838–846, 2019.
Background There are many unclear points regarding local structural characteristics of the bone surrounding the implant reflecting the mechanical environment. Purpose The purpose of this study is to quantitatively evaluate bone quality surrounding implants placed into the femurs of mice in an unloading model, and to determine the influence of the mechanical environment on bone quality. Methods Twenty 12-week-old male C57BL6/NcL mice (n = 5/group) were used as experimental animals. The mice were divided into two groups: the experimental group (n = 10) which were reared by tail suspension, and the control group (n = 10) which were reared normally. An implant was placed into the femur of a tail-suspended mouse, and after the healing period, they were sacrificed and the femur was removed. After micro-CT imaging, Villanueva osteochrome bone stain was performed. It was embedded in unsaturated polyester resin. The polymerized block was sliced passing through the center of the implant body. Next, 100-μm-thick polished specimens were prepared with water-resistant abrasive paper. In addition to histological observation, morphometric evaluation of cancellous bone was performed, and the anisotropy of collagen fibers and biological apatite (BAp) crystals was analyzed. Results As a result, the femoral cortical bone thickness and new peri-implant bone mass showed low values in the tail suspension group. The uniaxial preferential orientation of BAp c-axis in the femoral long axis direction in the non-implant groups, but biaxial preferential orientation of BAp c-axis along the long axis of implant and femoral long axis direction were confirmed in new bone reconstructed by implant placement. Collagen fiber running anisotropy and orientation of BAp c-axis in the bone surrounding the implant were not significantly different due to tail suspension. Conclusions From the above results, it was clarified that bone formation occurs surrounding the implant even under extremely low load conditions, and bone microstructure and bone quality adapted to the new mechanical environment are acquired.
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