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A 100% renewable energy-based stand-alone microgrid system can be developed by robust energy storage systems to stabilize the variable and intermittent renewable energy resources. Hydrogen as an energy carrier and energy storage medium has gained enormous interest globally in recent years. Its use in stand-alone or off-grid microgrids for both the urban and rural communities has commenced recently in some locations. Therefore, this research evaluates the techno-economic feasibility of renewable energy-based systems using hydrogen as energy storage for a stand-alone/off-grid microgrid. Three case scenarios in a microgrid environment were identified and investigated in order to select an optimum solution for a remote community by considering the energy balance and techno-economic optimization. The "HOMER Pro" energy modelling and simulating software was used to compare the energy balance, economics and environmental impact amongst the proposed scenarios. The simulation results showed that the hydrogen-battery hybrid energy storage system is the most cost-effective scenario, though all developed scenarios are technically possible and economically comparable in the long run, while each has different merits and challenges. It has been shown that the proposed hybrid energy systems have significant potentialities in electrifying remote communities with low energy generation costs, as well as a contribution to the reduction of their carbon footprint and to ameliorating the energy crisis to achieve a sustainable future.A modern microgrid is an integrated energy system consisting of localised grouping of distributed electricity generation with storage and multiple electrical loads [11,12]. It can be controlled as one entity or grid, either standalone, completely separate from, or connected to, the existing utility grid [13]. The development of the microgrid has been largely dominated by energy demand-side management, RE penetration and its integration into the utility grid [14,15]. In cases where it is not possible to connect the microgrid to the utility grid for any reason such as the remote or isolated location, a stand-alone microgrid (SAM) is an answer to the power supply challenges [16]. The authors of this research envisioned that the SAM is a good starting point to transit from the classic trend of fossil-fuelled powered systems to 100% RE powered systems.The SAM is a low-voltage power system that supplies a specific localised area [17]. It comprises local power generation systems with load demands, that can operate in islanded mode or off-grid [18,19].In the transition to a 100% RE SAM system, hybrid distributed (decentralized) or centralized energy generation and storage systems are used to meet the energy need [18]. The SAM is presented as a viable and effective solution to the utilisation of renewable energy resources (RER), by minimizing the problems associated with variability and intermittency of the renewables [16]. The main challenge in a SAM system is the optimal sizing of the system components to make the...

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Smart metering and data analytics enable the implementation of a range of on-site infrastructures for energy, water and waste management to demonstrate the interconnected infrastructure of future smart cities. A research project in Western Australia is integrating smart metering technology, household participation and data analytics. An improved understanding of hybrid water systems at residential scale, as socially accepted solutions to promote water efficiency and economic savings, within the traditional centralized urban water network is achieved. An integrated water model and a system of water credits and debits are developed and tested on a case study for which 10-minute logged water consumption data of its hybrid water system are available for 1 year. The model is shown to provide a full characterization of the relationship between the household and the water resources, thus assisting with improved urban water management which promotes the rollout of decentralized hybrid water systems whilst accounting for the impacts on the aquifer as an ecosystem service provider.

Abstract. Affordable and clean energy is one of the major goals for global sustainable development. Lighting is a major aspect of human energy consumption and access to quality lighting is one of the most important indicators of human development. Like other countries around the world, the Iraqi government has realized the importance of climate change and the necessity for clean energy which has led them to officially ratifying the Kyoto Protocol in January 2008. However, it is challenging to implement a clean and renewable energy lighting system for a small community like Chibayish in the Iraqi marshes. The Chibayish unique house building technique of man-made islands (floating baskets), results that these floating houses are not connected to the Iraqi national grid. The villagers in Chibayish require artificial light for their indoor living areas after dark and also for night fishing, which is a common practice. In this research study, various renewable energy resources have been examined in order to identify the most locally practical renewable energy technology for household lighting needs. The solar irradiance profile in the area showed the viability of solar energy in comparison to other renewable energy sources considered within these specific environmental conditions. An analysis carried out using HOMER Pro simulator shows that the solar photovoltaic is an affordable and reliable option for this community.

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