We propose a novel method to upgrade heavy oil. This method utilizes dealkylation of alkyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on a silica monolayer solid acid catalyst to produce alkanes with preserved alkyl chain length and aromatic hydrocarbons without alkyl groups, resulting in maximization of the yields of value-added products, alkanes suitable for diesel fuel and alkylbenzenes suitable for gasoline and chemical feedstocks. Basic compounds in vacuum gas oil were found to inhibit the reaction, but were removed by treatment with solid acids such as strongly acidic cation exchange resin and amorphous silica _ alumina. Drying of the silica _ alumina significantly enhanced the removal rate. The silica _ alumina was repeatedly usable by calcination in an oxygen flow. After the treatments for the removal of basic compounds, dealkylation of alkyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons proceeded at 673 K. However, rapid catalyst deactivation was observed. Higher reaction temperature of 723 K suppressed deactivation of the catalyst and maintained the high selectivity. Even in the optimized conditions, slow deactivation of the catalyst was observed, but the catalyst was regenerated by calcination at 773 K in oxygen, and the catalytic performance was repeatedly demonstrated.
Ti-doped lithium vanadium(III) phosphate cathode materials, Li 3−2x (V 1−x Ti x ) 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , were prepared by a solid state reaction. The Ti-doped samples exhibited that the γ-phase is stabilized at room temperature by substituting Ti for V sites at more than x = 0.10. The discharge capacity of the doped samples at a 60 C rate was found to be much higher than that for the non doped sample. This improved performance found for the doped cathodes was attributed to the increase in ionic conductivity given by the transition of α-to γ-phase via Ti substitution.
A silica-monolayer loaded on alumina with weak Brønsted acid sites and large pore size can selectively dealkylate alkyl polycyclic aromatics to long-chain alkanes and polycyclic aromatics for production of chemicals and fuel.
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