The purpose of this study was to examine whether phonological information was activated
automatically in processing two-kanji compound words. In Experiment 1, 27 participants judged
whether pairs of the words were homophones, while another 27 participants judged whether pairs
were synonyms. Stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) was 140 ms, 230 ms, or 320 ms. In
Experiment 2, 36 participants were asked to make one of the two judgments, as in Experiment 1.
SOA was determined individually. The following results were found. Reaction times showed
semantic interference. Phonological interference was observed only under the shortest SOA in
Experiment 2. Error rates showed phonological and semantic interferences even when SOA was
the longest. These findings support the universal phonological principle.
Objective
To examine whether the self‐monitoring interventions of a mobile health app reduce sedentary behavior in the short and long terms.
Method
We designed a double‐blind randomized control trial. Participants were selected from among the staff of a medical institution and registrants of an online research firm. Forty‐nine participants were randomly assigned to either a control group (n = 25) or an intervention group (n = 24). The control group was given only the latest information about sedentary behavior, and the intervention was provided real‐time feedback for self‐monitoring in addition to the information. These interventions provided for 5 weeks (to measure the short‐term effect) and 13 weeks (to measure the long‐term effect) via the smartphone app. Measurements were as follows: subjective total sedentary time (SST), objective total sedentary time (OST), mean sedentary bout duration (MSB), and the number of sedentary breaks (SB). Only SST was measured by self‐report based on the standardized International Physical Activity Questionnaire and others were measured with the smartphone.
Results
No significant results were observed in the short term. In the long term, while no significant results were also observed in objective sedentary behavior (OST, MSB, SB), the significant differences were observed in subjective sedentary behavior (SST, β
int
− β
ctrl
between baseline and 9/13 weeks; 1.73 and 1.50 h/d, respectively).
Conclusions
Real‐time feedback for self‐monitoring with smartphone did not significantly affect objective sedentary behavior. However, providing only information about sedentary behavior to users with smartphones may make misperception on the amount of their subjective sedentary behavior.
Learning processes in accuracy of duration estimation were examined several times by the response duration schedule at about semiannual intervals on the same children as they grew from three to six years old. The apparatus was a picture of a boy moving along a path with a constant speed, the start-and-stop being controlled by a button. The subject was instructed to push the button exactly for the duration required for the boy start moving and stop at a goal which took 10 s. The moving boy and the goal were hidden from the subject's view, and only after each trial he received visual and verbal feedbacks. Almost all children over three years eight months of age could sucessfully carry out the task. Numbers of trials to reach the criterion and errors in the response durations decreased with age.
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