No abstract

Temperature within the brain and the esophagus and at the tympanum were obtained in a 12-yr-old male in a series of experiments that began 8 days after surgery for implantation of a drainage catheter. Fanning the face did reduce tympanic temperature but not temperature in the brain; brain temperatures followed esophageal temperatures. In long-term monitoring, temperature in the lateral ventricle was 0.5 degree C above esophageal temperature and 0.2 degree C below that in white matter 1 cm above, with the offsets fixed throughout the overnight cycle. All temperatures went through similar excursions when the face was excluded from fanning applied to the body. These observations highlight the fact that in humans the defense against hyperthermia takes advantage of cooling distributed over the entire skin surface.

BackgroundPhysical exercise effectively attenuates neuropathic pain, and multiple events including the inhibition of activated glial cells in the spinal dorsal horn, activation of the descending pain inhibitory system, and reductions in pro-inflammatory cytokines in injured peripheral nerves may contribute to exercise-induced hypoalgesia. Since fewer GABAergic hypoalgesic interneurons exist in the dorsal horn in neuropathic pain model animals, the recovery of impaired GABAergic inhibition in the dorsal horn may improve pain behavior. We herein determined whether the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in the dorsal horn is restored by treadmill running and contributes to exercise-induced hypoalgesia in neuropathic pain model mice. C57BL/6 J mice underwent partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSL). PSL-Runner mice ran on a treadmill at 7 m/min for 60 min/day, 5 days/week, from two days after PSL.ResultsMechanical allodynia and heat hyperalgesia developed in PSL-Sedentary mice but were significantly attenuated in PSL-Runner mice. PSL markedly decreased GABA and GAD65/67 levels in neuropils in the ipsilateral dorsal horn, while treadmill running inhibited these reductions. GABA+ neuronal nuclei+ interneuron numbers in the ipsilateral dorsal horn were significantly decreased in PSL-Sedentary mice but not in PSL-Runner mice. Pain behavior thresholds positively correlated with GABA and GAD65/67 levels and GABAergic interneuron numbers in the ipsilateral dorsal horns of PSL-Sedentary and -Runner mice.ConclusionsTreadmill running prevented PSL-induced reductions in GAD65/67 production, and, thus, GABA levels may be retained in interneurons and neuropils in the superficial dorsal horn. Therefore, improvements in impaired GABAergic inhibition may be involved in exercise-induced hypoalgesia.

Intensive perioperative rehabilitation might reduce postoperative pulmonary complications and shorten postoperative hospital stay after PD. Therefore, we suggest that perioperative rehabilitation should be included as part of enhanced recovery after surgery for patients undergoing PD, although further large-scale studies are necessary to confirm our results.

The nature of the swallowing impairment in patients with sporadic inclusion body myositis (s-IBM) has not been well characterized. In this study, we examined ten consecutive s-IBM patients using videofluoroscopy (VF) and computed pharyngoesophageal manometry (CPM). The patients were divided into two groups: patients with complaint and without complaint of dysphagia. VF results indicated pharyngeal muscle propulsion (PP) at the hypopharyngeal and upper esophagus sphincter (UES) in all s-IBM patients. Patients without complaint of dysphagia showed a mild degree of PP, whereas a severe form of PP was observed in patients with complaint of dysphagia. CPM revealed that negative pressure during UES opening was not observed in the s-IBM patients with complaint of dysphagia. Incomplete opening and PP at the UES were observed in all s-IBM patients. These results indicate that the dysphagic processes occur subclinically in s-IBM patients who may not report swallowing impairments.