SUMMARYTo enhance local flood disaster mitigation, participatory approaches for community-based flood risk communication are proposed using the workshops based on a Plan-Do-Check-Action (PDCA) cycle. In our case study, risk communication for floods due to heavy rain and river flooding was implemented at the Kosen community in Kumamoto City, Japan, during 2006-2007. A community-based flood hazard and evacuation route map were produced during the workshops and verified through virtual desktop evacuation drills. The fundamental resident flood evacuation data was obtained through the evacuation drills and analyzed with respect to the timing of the announcement of evacuation information, walking speed during evacuation, and the locations of evacuation centers. Implementation of flood risk communication was found to be effective for the enhancement of residents' awareness of both self-and mutual-help efforts in community-based flood risk mitigation.
Fully conjugated and soluble polyazomethines were synthesized by
the polycondensation
of aromatic dialdehydes with two kinds of diamines having a
tetraphenylethylene structure, cis- and
trans-1,2-bis(4-aminophenyl)-1,2-diphenylethylene
(4a and 4b). The structures of these
diamines were
determined using NMR and single crystal X-ray analysis. The
diamines formed 1:1 complexes with toluene
which was used as a recrystallization solvent. The
polyazomethines, as precipitated, possessed inherent
viscosities (ηinh) in the range from 0.83 to 0.98 dL/g.
Polymers 6 and 7, which were prepared from
4a
and terephthalaldehyde and from 4b and isophthalaldehyde,
respectively, gave flexible and tough orange
films. These polymer films exhibited excellent solubility in
common organic solvents such as benzene,
chloroform, and THF. The molecular weights of the polymers
increased 2- to 4-fold by postcuring at 200
°C. Although the crystallinity of polymer 6 was
slightly higher than that of polymer 7, these
polymers
were essentially amorphous. All of the polyazomethines showed
excellent thermal stability with no
significant weight loss up to approximately 350 °C, and the 5%
weight loss temperatures in air were
over 400 °C. The polymer films had glass transition temperatures
over 260 °C.
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