The application of jointing multiple physical field sensing with electromagnetic (EM) wave manipulation is a hot research topic recently. Refined perception and unit-level independent regulation of metasurfaces still have certain challenges. In this paper, we propose a digital programmable metasurface that can adaptively achieve various EM functions by sensing the color changes of the incident light, which enables unit-level sensing and modulation. Integrating trichromatic sensors, FPGA, and algorithm onto the metasurface has established a metasurface architecture for electromagnetic scattering field modulation from complex optics to microwave wavelengths, which enables a wide variety of light sensing for modulation. The metasurface integrated with PIN diodes and trichromatic color sensors forms a complete intelligent system of adaptive and reconfigurable coding patterns, within the pre-designed control of FPGA. We fabricated the metasurface using standard printed circuit board (PCB) technology and measured the metasurface in far-fields. The measurement results show good agreement with the simulation results, verifying our design. We envision that the proposed programmable metasurface with visible light sensing will provide a new dimension of manipulation from this perspective.
Combining multiple physical fields with programmable metasurfaces in realistic scenarios is a hot topic. There are numerous studies on controlling metasurfaces using light-field, thermal fields, and so on. Due to its excellent penetration and invisibility, ultraviolet (UV) has benefits that conventional light does not possess. However, previous works that apply UV-light to metasurfaces and modulate electromagnetic (EM) waves using UV-light sensing can only sense very few points. This paper proposes a UV-sensing metasurface integrated with an 8*8 sensor array and can achieve a complicated UV-information input and more complicated EM-filed manipulation, including dual-beam, chess-board patterns, and RCS-reduction. By assembling a UV-sensor and an embedded PIN diode on each metasurface supercell, each supercell (2*2 elements) not only can independently sense and feed back the change of UV-light intensity, but also be programmed for diverse EM functions. After elaborate simulation and experiment, the experimental outcomes are in good agreement with the simulative outcomes, which verifies the feasibility of the scheme. Such matrix UV-light field input builds a new interactive channel with electromagnetic information, which is suitable for application scenarios with flexible requirements for communications and imaging.
The combination of thermal field sensing and microwave operation is an innovative topic in metamaterials. Although there exists research on modulating electromagnetic waves by controlling each column of the metasurface elements for programmable metasurfaces, the regulation is not flexible. In view of this, this paper proposes a metasurface based on distributed thermal sensing that can be independently modulated by each element. In this paper, the metasurface adopts a 1-bit coding metasurface, which is combined with PIN diodes to modulate the phase response. The voltage control circuit feeds back the change in the thermistors to the switching state of the PIN diode. Each metasurface unit contains thermistors, which are used to sense thermal stimulation and can be independently modulated. The metasurface composed of these elements can feel the field generated via heat energy. We can control electromagnetic waves by controlling this field. In order to prove the feasibility of this scheme, a metasurface sample of 8 × 8 elements was designed. Three patterns were used for the design, fabrication, and measurement of the samples. Meanwhile, printed circuit board (PCB) technology was applied. The results show that the simulated results are highly consistent with the experimental results, which verifies that this scheme is practicable.
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