Nanoparticle-induced autophagy has been extensively studied, however, real time information about the endoplasmic reticulum involved autophagic process (ER autophagy) induced by nanomaterials remains unknown. In this work, silica nanoparticles (SNPs) were synthesized with characteristics of low toxicity, good biocompatibility and excellent water dispersibility to treat cells. Results show that either low concentration (10 μg/mL) or high concentration (200 μg/mL) of SNPs could increase the quantity of processing from microtubule-associated protein 1-light chain 3-I (LC3-I) to the other variant of LC3 (LC3-II). Interestingly, the level of autophagy induced by the SNPs is associated with the treated time but not the concentrations of SNPs. Importantly, for the first time, SNP accumulation in ER was discovered through co-localization analysis, which incurs ER autophagy. These new findings about SNPs-induced ER autophagy could open an effective way for securely designing silica-based nanoparticles and enable us to know more about ER autophagy.
NMs, SiO 2 -based NMs, lipid-based NMs, polymer-based NMs, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based NMs, and other types NMs. Alternatively, according to the physical and chemical properties of NMs, they can be classified into soft NMs, referring to lipidor polymer-based NMs, and hard NMs such as mental-or carbon-based NMs.With the development of nanotechnology, these materials have been widely applied in various fields. [3] For example, ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) can serve as antimicrobial agents; [4] TiO 2 NPs are used in sunscreen lotions; [5] lipid/polymeric-based NPs are applied in drug/gene delivery; [6] QDs are used as florescent probes; [7] and magnetic NPs are applied in magnetic resonance imaging. [8] The NMs not only effectively enhance cellular and subcellular targeting of drugs and the effect of imaging, but also rise the attention on the importance of affirming the effect of NMs on biological systems. It has been recognized that NMs are capable of modulating autophagy. The modulation of NMs on autophagy may be beneficial, since the combinative effect of the NMs' features and autophagy functions is capable of enhancing the accuracy of diagnosis and efficiency of therapies. For example, AgNPs could be a fascinating tool in infections and antimicrobial immunity in that the NM-phagy can modulate the antiviral/antibacterial defenses. [9] In this process, AgNPs lead to the disorganization of mitochondrial network and contribute to the modulation of autophagy (both Rab9-dependent alternative autophagy and Atg-5-dependent classical autophagy) by blocking the autophagic flux. Additionally, AgNPs can reduce the production of CCL-5 and interferon (IFN)-β in influenza-infected cells through the Rab9-dependent alternative autophagy.Autophagy, a "self-digestion" biological process of cellular degradation, is induced when cells are subjected to unfavorable factors, including starvation or drug treatments, accumulation of the damaged organelles, and misfolded proteins. The autophagic process refers to the cargo encompassed into autophagosome and delivery of cargo to lysosomes to degrade and to release macromolecules back into the cytosol. [10] If the "self-digestion" gets out of control, the autophagy dysfunction, including excessive autophagy induction or suppression of autophagy flux, will induce serious diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, immunological diseases, innate turbulence, and even cell death. [11] Therefore, autophagy is Nanomaterials (NMs) are comprehensively applied in biomedicine due to their unique physical and chemical properties. Autophagy, as an evolutionarily conserved cellular quality control process, is closely associated with the effect of NMs on cells. In this review, the recent advances in NM-induced/ inhibited autophagy (NM-phagy) are summarized, with an aim to present a comprehensive description of the mechanisms of NM-phagy from the perspective of internalization, activation, and termination, thereby bridging autophagy and nanomaterials. Several possible mechanisms are extensively ...
Autophagy is a degradation process in eukaryotic cells that recycles cellular components for nutrition supply under environmental stress and plays a double-edged role in development of major human diseases. Noninvasive optical imaging enables us to clearly visualize various classes of structures involved in autophagy at macroscopic and microscopic dynamic levels. In this review, we discuss important trends of emerging optical imaging technologies used to explore autophagy and provide insights into the mechanistic investigation and structural study of autophagy in mammalian cells. Some exciting new prospects and future research directions regarding optical imaging techniques in this field are also highlighted.
Autophagic degradation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER-phagy) has been found to play a critical role in human sensory neuropathy. So far, however, specific and efficient intervention means for ER-phagy remain unexplored. Herein, brefeldin A (BFA), a blocking agent on protein transport between the ER and Golgi, was screened from ER stress inducers. BFA was then delivered to the perinuclear area co-localized with the ER by a mesoporous silica nanoparticle-based drug-carrier functionalized with autophagy-inducing peptides of TAT-beclin 1 (MSNs-BFA), to evoke a perturbation of ER-phagy. The molecular mechanism of ER-phagy regulated by BFA was explored by biochemical evaluation including time-lapse live-cell fluorescence imaging. We found that MSNs-BFA treatment caused a lower mRNA/protein expression level of FAM134b even under a compensation of autophagic flux in U2OS cells, and resulted in ER-expansion. The fragmentation of the ER was blocked as a response to ER stress mediated by inactivation of the AKT/TSC/mTOR pathway. Our work developed an efficient external manipulation strategy to regulate ER-phagy and may contribute to the therapeutic application of autophagy-related major human diseases.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.