In view of the actual gap between the theoretical solution and the measured value of the range of the surrounding rock loose zone excavated by blasting, the formation process and influencing factors of the surrounding rock loose zone after blasting are analyzed by combining theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and field tests. It is proposed that the formation of the surrounding rock loose zone can be divided into two parts: the stress loose zone formed by in situ stress release after chamber excavation and the blasting–expansion loose zone formed by blasting, corresponding to the stress loose zone crack propagation. In this paper, the stress method and work–energy relationship method based on the Fenner solution were used to study the range of the surrounding rock loose zone formed after chamber excavation. A theoretical formula for determining the range of the surrounding rock loose zone is presented. These methods can clearly explain the formation mechanism of the loose zone, and the parameter selection method is simple and fast, which can be used for the theoretical prediction of the loose zone of surrounding rock in tunnel engineering in rock areas. Finally, the two methods were used to calculate the range of surrounding rock loose zone under three different working conditions in the Qingdao Metro single-track section, and the results were compared with the field monitoring results to verify the applicability of the proposed methods.
This paper investigates the performance of a top-down deep excavation in soil-rock composite stratum. The behavior of the excavation bracing system, consisting of ground anchors and end-suspended piles, has not been well understood due to the lack of relevant research. Based on the observed data of a typical deep excavation case history for the May Fourth Square Station in Tsingtao, China, the characteristics of the horizontal and vertical pile displacements, ground surface settlements, building settlements, axial forces in ground anchors, earth pressure, and pore water pressure during excavation were analysed. Two-dimensional finite element simulations were carried out to further explore the deformation and internal force responses of end-suspended piles and to capture the effects of pile diameter, embedded depth, and rock-socketed depth on the horizontal displacement and bending moment distributions along the pile shaft. It was found that the pattern of the vertical pile displacements could be categorized into three types: rapid settlement, slow settlement, and rapid heave. The magnitudes of the ground and building responses can be well controlled within allowable limits by combining the top-down method with the adopted bracing system. Among the investigated parameters, pile diameter is dominant in affecting the horizontal pile displacement. The primary influence zone for pile bending moment varies, depending on the parameters. It is recommended that a combination of top-down method, ground anchors, and end-suspended piles be adopted for restraining excavation deformation and lowering construction costs of similar deep excavations in soil-rock composite stratum.
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