Municipal solid waste (MSW) contains plastic waste that can be used as a sustainable green substitute to reduce oil footprints, CO2 emissions, and environmental pollution. This study aims to recycle plastic waste by manufacturing wood-plastic composites and to improve its mechanical properties by using additives, coupling agents, and lubricants. These composites are prepared by mixing 40–70% of wood flour with 20–25% of a polymer matrix. Wood was degraded at 220 °C, and then the composites were processed at 50 °C. The manufacturing process carried out in the study involved wood waste meshing, drying, shredding, drying, trimming, filling, blending, compounding, and extrusion moulding. The compounding of composites was accomplished in twin-screw extruders. Once the mixture was uniformly mixed, its final shape was given by a two-step extrusion moulding. Previously, researchers aimed at enhancing the mechanical properties of the composites, but our research focus was to improve their durability for different industrial applications. The results suggest that the impact strength is 17 MPa with 50% of wood powder ratio while the maximum value for the tensile strength is 32.5 MPa. About 50% of an increase in wood powder resulted in 8.1% bending strength increase from 26.1 to 32.8 MPa. Reducing the plastic matrix and the wood-particles water swelling ratio resulted in better mechanical properties. The wood species also affected the mechanical properties with their excellent dimensional stability and less variability. A high proportion of wood fibre tends to increase its steady-state torque and viscosity. The mechanical properties against different wood-flour proportions indicate that composite materials exhibit superior water swelling behaviour and extrusion quality.
Two types of aluminum alloys, 2024-T3 and 7075-T6, have been selected in this study to investigate the effect of metallurgical aspects on exfoliation corrosion. To determine and evaluate the metallurgical effects of heat treatments on corrosion behaviour of these alloys, G34 ASTM test was selected to investigate the exfoliation corrosion behaviour. The results showed that with increasing the aging time for the aluminum alloy type 2024-T3 the susceptibility to exfoliation corrosion increases, while for type 7075-T6 decreased. These results refer to precipitation of the intermetallic compound phases such as CuAl 2 , and MgZn 2 , in 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 respectively. The amount of these phases increases with increasing the aging time for both alloys. The investigations showed the phases that initiate in 2024-T3 act as anode sites while in 7075-T6 they act as cathode sites.
In this study, attempts are carried out to determine the amount of stress at the fillet radius region of spur gears when the applied load location changes, along the involute curve, from the top surface to the bottom. For this purpose the photoelastic method and numerical MSC/NASTRAN software are used. The gears with pressure angle (f) 20 o , and 25 o were prepared from photoelastic material type PLM-4B in this study. Practical calibration is used to determine the fringe order value of this material. Four different modules (m); 6, 10, 14, and 20 mm were prepared for two different numbers of teeth (N); 18 and 26, with different face widths (B 1 , B 2 , B 3 ); 10, 17, 25.4 mm respectively. Four load values were applied on each tooth at five to six different load locations along the involutes curve profile. In order to accomplish the comparison between the results for different methods, the same sample dimensions and parameters were prepared again for the MSC/NASTRAN software.The results showed that the maximum applied stress at the fillet radius occur when the applied load location is on the top land of a tooth, and then that amount is decreased when the applied load positions change toward the bottom land. The results of the NAS-TRAN method showed that the applied stress at the fillet radius would be minimum when the loading point locates between the pitch circle and dedendum circle, in particular around 1.5 times module (1.5 m) of the total tooth height which equals 2.25 module, and then the applied stresses are increased again. However, in the photoelastic method the applied stresses were decreased continuously to the bottom land. The reasons behind such results can be attributed to the type of failure theories that can be used in NAS-TRAN software for characterization the applied stresses, i.e. considering types of applied stresses into account, such as bending, direct compressive, and shear stresses. Moreover, in order to compare the applied stress values at fillet regions, obtained by theoretical and practical approaches, four different standard mathematical equations are used for stress calculation at fillet radius of spur gears to show the difference of the parameters and variables that can affect the applied stress results.
PurposeTwo types of aluminium alloys, 2024‐T3 and 7075‐T6, having been selected, this study aims to investigate the effect of metallurgical aspects on intergranular corrosion.Design/methodology/approachTo determine and evaluate the metallurgical effects of heat treatments on corrosion behaviour of these alloys, G67 ASTM test was selected.FindingsThe results showed that with increasing the aging time in aluminium alloy type 2024‐T3 the susceptibility to intergranular corrosion increases, while in type 7075‐T6 with increasing aging time the intergranular corrosion rate remains nearly unchanged.Practical implicationsAs these results refer to precipitate the intermetallic compound phases, the amount of these phases increases with the increase of the aging time in both alloys.Originality/valueThe investigations showed that the phases that initiate in 2024‐T3 act as anode sites, while in 7075‐T6 they act as cathode sites.
Purpose -The corrosion behaviour of low alloy steel type AISI 4130 (before and after nitriding) and austenitic stainless steel type AISI 304L were studied in tap water þ 3.5 per cent NaCl. A liquid nitriding process had been applied on the low alloy steel. Design/methodology/approach -The tests that were carried out in this study were anodic polarization, rotating bending fatigue and axial fatigue using compact tension (CT). For determining the corrosion potential and pitting potential (breakdown potential) for the alloys, anodic polarization curves were established using the potentiodynamic technique. Rotating bending fatigue tests were used to calculate the fatigue strength and damage ratio. Using linear elastic fracture mechanics, the CT specimens were prepared for determining the threshold stress intensity factor, fatigue crack growth rate and fracture toughness in air and in the solution.Findings -The results showed that nitrided specimens showed higher fatigue strength in air compared to stainless steel. However, the corrosion fatigue limit for both these samples were approximately equal, while this limit for non-nitrided sample was less. Moreover, the non-nitrided steel had lower corrosion and pitting potentials than did the stainless steel. In addition, the CT tests showed that the nitrided specimens had a lower resistance to crack initiation in air and the solution compared to the non-nitrided sample and the stainless steel. Practical implications -These results can be attributed to the chemical and mechanical behaviour of the nitrided layer constituents, mainly FeN and CrN, which were recognized by X-ray diffraction. Since, these components consist of very hard particles, they act to increase the hardness and fatigue limit. Moreover, due to the low conductivity of these nitrides, the corrosion and pitting potential of the nitrided steel becomes very high. However, the high breakdown potential does not help to increase the corrosion fatigue or damage ratio values due to the porous nature of the nitrided layer. Originality/value -Although the nitrided steel had very high fatigue strength and pitting potential, this did not reflect in its corrosion fatigue and/or damage ratio improvement because of its surface roughness and the porous nature of the nitrided layer.
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