No abstract

Local natural clay from Sulaimani zone-Takiya (TKC), Kurdistan Region of Iraq, was characterized and used for the removal of basic fuchsin (BF) dye from laboratory bacterial wastewater. The characterization of the adsorbent was carried out with XRD, XRF, and FT-IR. The clay sample was dominated by vermiculite. Adsorption tests under different conditions of contact time, pH of the solution, temperature, initial dye concentration, and adsorbent amount were performed to analyze the effect of various experimental parameters. Equilibrium time was reached within 180 minutes, and maximum BF adsorption was achieved at pH 6.8 at a temperature ranging from 20 to 50°C. The experimental data fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, with the activation energy of 22.68 kJ·mol-1. Adsorption isotherms could be well-fitted by the Langmuir isotherm model. The thermodynamic parameters such as Δ G ° , Δ H ° , and Δ S ° were determined, and the negative values of Δ G ° indicated that adsorption was spontaneous at all temperatures. Furthermore, the values of Δ H ° indicated an endothermic reaction. Wastewater contaminated by BF dye from the bacterial laboratory was collected (BF concentration: 160 mg·L-1) and treated by TKC. The resulting concentration of BF after adsorption was 4.76 mg·L-1. The maximum amount of dye adsorbed is about 149.2 mg/g or 0.44 mmol/g, which is close to the range of the cation exchange capacity (CEC) value of the vermiculite which indicated that cation exchange was the dominant adsorption mechanism.

Natural clay minerals offer a straightforward and industrially e cient pathway for the large-scale production of active silica materials exhibiting diverse morphologies and functions. However, the presence of magnetic oxide nanoparticles (Fe 3 O 4 ), enriched with metal ions, generated during this process has led to their classi cation as contaminants in laboratory e uents due to their speci c adsorption of Acid Fuchsin Dye (AFD) in aqueous solutions. This study focuses on the characterization of clay minerals, particularly examining the interlayer spacing in smectites. Notably, the synthesis of Magnetic Oxide Nano-Porous Clay (MONPC) results in an approximate doubling of the speci c surface area from 10.02 to m 2 g -1 compared to natural clay. The ndings suggest a signi cant impregnation of Fe 3 O 4 within the Natural Clay (NC) matrix. The impregnated and natural clay samples were comprehensively characterized using XRD, SEM-EDS, FTIR, and N 2 adsorption-desorption techniques, con rming the presence of a porous surface structure with a high surface area. Utilizing an adsorbent concentration of 0.1 g/L, MONPC achieved complete removal of AFD from initial dye solutions with a 400 mg/L concentration which is attributed to the strong H-bonding ability of MNOPC with AFD dye as indicated by adsorption mechanism study. The adsorption capacity of AFD onto MONPC reached equilibrium within 60 to 120 minutes, with an initial pH of 9. The Pseudo-Second-Order model accurately depicted the chemisorption process of AFD adsorption, while the Freundlich isotherm model consistently provided a superior t to the data compared to the Langmuir model. Thermodynamic analysis of the MONPC adsorbent demonstrated that the adsorption process was exothermic and spontaneous, with signi cant entropic changes at the solid-liquid interface. These results suggest that the adsorption of AFD dye onto MONPC was favorable in terms of enthalpy but unfavorable in terms of entropy. Considering the high surface area and enhanced adsorption capacity of MONPC, it exhibits tremendous potential as a promising adsorbent for the removal of AFD in wastewater treatment applications.

This research investigates the potential of Moringa Oleifera Leaves Green Powder (MOLGP) as a low-cost and efficient biosorbent for removing dye, metals, and bacteria from water. Specifically, Safranin dye's adsorption capacity on MOLGP was examined, and MOLGP underwent base activation with sonication to enhance its adsorption capacity as a nanoparticle. The biosorbent surface characteristics were analyzed using FTIR, SEM, BET, and EDX techniques. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of a semi-crystalline form, and changes in surface morphology and elemental composition were observed after NaOH treatment. The maximum removal efficiency of Safranin was 56.17% under the given conditions, but it significantly improved to 98.96% after undergoing treatments. The adsorption process was exothermic, and there was a decrease in system entropy during treatment. The results showed that Safranin adsorption onto MOLGP was unfavorable at all temperatures, but adsorption onto BAMOLGP was favorable at all temperatures. Eleven statistical functions were employed to estimate the error deviations between experimental and theoretically predicted kinetic adsorption values and isothermals. The data indicated that the first-order and second-order equations best matched MOLOPG and BAMOLOPG, while Freundlich is the best match for isothermal BAMOLOPG.

Natural clay minerals offer a straightforward and industrially efficient pathway for the large-scale production of active silica materials exhibiting diverse morphologies and functions. However, the presence of magnetic oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4), enriched with metal ions, generated during this process has led to their classification as contaminants in laboratory effluents due to their specific adsorption of Acid Fuchsin Dye (AFD) in aqueous solutions. This study focuses on the characterization of clay minerals, particularly examining the interlayer spacing in smectites. Notably, the synthesis of Magnetic Oxide Nano-Porous Clay (MONPC) results in an approximate doubling of the specific surface area from 10.02 to m2 g-1 compared to natural clay. The findings suggest a significant impregnation of Fe3O4 within the Natural Clay (NC) matrix. The impregnated and natural clay samples were comprehensively characterized using XRD, SEM-EDS, FTIR, and N2 adsorption-desorption techniques, confirming the presence of a porous surface structure with a high surface area. Utilizing an adsorbent concentration of 0.1 g/L, MONPC achieved complete removal of AFD from initial dye solutions with a 400 mg/L concentration which is attributed to the strong H-bonding ability of MNOPC with AFD dye as indicated by adsorption mechanism study. The adsorption capacity of AFD onto MONPC reached equilibrium within 60 to 120 minutes, with an initial pH of 9. The Pseudo-Second-Order model accurately depicted the chemisorption process of AFD adsorption, while the Freundlich isotherm model consistently provided a superior fit to the data compared to the Langmuir model. Thermodynamic analysis of the MONPC adsorbent demonstrated that the adsorption process was exothermic and spontaneous, with significant entropic changes at the solid-liquid interface. These results suggest that the adsorption of AFD dye onto MONPC was favorable in terms of enthalpy but unfavorable in terms of entropy. Considering the high surface area and enhanced adsorption capacity of MONPC, it exhibits tremendous potential as a promising adsorbent for the removal of AFD in wastewater treatment applications.