Nanocrystalline TiO
2
and reduced graphene oxide (rGO)
materials have been synthesized by a simple and low-cost microwave-assisted
hydrothermal method and applied in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs)
as photoactive and metal-free counter electrodes, respectively. Different
TiO
2
nanocrystalline materials have been synthesized via
the acid hydrolysis sol–gel method, followed by microwave hydrothermal
treatment at 210 °C and 300 psi and at different microwave irradiation
times (20, 30, 45, and 60 min) instead of the usual hydrothermal time
of 12 h. The properties of the produced mesoporous nanocrystalline
TiO
2
are investigated in terms of their morphology, crystal
structure, optical properties, and surface area behavior using relevant
characterization techniques. Maximum specific surface area values
(
S
BET
) of 97.77 and 100.7 m
2
g
–1
are measured for TiO
2
, with the
average crystallite sizes of 18.6 and 17.5 nm, at microwave irradiation
times of 30 and 45 min, respectively. Different rGO samples have been
prepared by the modified Hummers method, followed by microwave-assisted
reduction at a temperature of 200 °C and pressure of 300 psi
at different microwave irradiation times (3, 17, and 25 min). The
physicochemical properties of the different rGO samples in terms of
morphology, crystallization, and optical properties are characterized
by TEM, XRD, and Raman spectroscopic analysis. The current density
J
sc
of the fabricated DSSCs based on TiO
2
as the photoelectrode and rGO as the counter electrode compared
with DSSCs based on Pt as the counter electrode is found to be 11.25
and 9.28 mA cm
–2
, respectively. Although the overall
power efficiency of the fabricated DSSCs based on rGO as the counter
electrode is lower than that based on the Pt electrode, the former
still exhibits promising prospects for replacing Pt with low-cost
metal-free carbon-based DSSCs.
Eutectic molten salts are the most
studied medium-high temperature
thermal energy storage material due to their potential use in concentrated
solar power plants. The aim of this work is to investigate the effect
of using reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and graphene quantum dots (GQDs)
on the thermal properties of eutectic molten salts. A binary nitrate
eutectic mixture of NaNO
3
and KNO
3
was selected
as a base material (BM) for nitrate/carbon-derivative composites.
RGO and GQDs were individually mixed with the BM with different fractions
ranged from 0.1 to 1.5 wt %. The results showed that RGO enhanced
the thermal conductivity, heat of fusion, and total thermal energy
storage capacity by 52.10%, 44.48%, and 10.44%, respectively. GQDs
slightly improved the specific heat capacity for both solid and liquid
phases by 2.53% and 3.13%, respectively. In addition, GQDs promoted
the heat of fusion by 31.72% and raised the total TES capacity by
12.26%.
In this work, different locally fabricated adhesive materials were examined to be used as an encapsulant for producing of photovoltaic modules. All the selected samples were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, TG instrument, UV-VIS spectrophotometer and electrical resistance meter. In addition, all the samples under investigation were examined by aging tests according to IEC standards for testing their stability and durability. The polymethacrylate material with UV stabilizer can be considered as an excellent commercial candidate for photovoltaic module encapsulant due to its high optical transmission, good adhesive strength with the glass, high photo-stability, high thermal stability and high electrical insulation (electrical resistance).
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