Dendritic cells (DCs) are highly potent initiators of the immune response, but DC effector functions are often inhibited by immunosuppressants such as transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta). The present study was conducted to develop a treatment strategy for prostate cancer using a TGF-beta-insensitive DC vaccine. Tumor lysate-pulsed DCs were rendered TGF-beta insensitive by dominant-negative TGF-beta type II receptor (TbetaRIIDN), leading to the blockade of TGF-beta signals to members of the Smad family, which are the principal cytoplasmic intermediates involved in the transduction of signals from TGF-beta receptors to the nucleus. Expression of TbetaRIIDN did not affect the phenotype of transduced DCs. Phosphorylated Smad-2 was undetectable and expression of surface co-stimulatory molecules (CD80/CD86) were upregulated in TbetaRIIDN DCs after antigen and TGF-beta1 stimulation. Vaccination of C57BL/6 tumor-bearing mice with the TbetaRIIDN DC vaccine induced potent tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses against TRAMP-C2 tumors, increased serum IFN-gamma and IL-12 level, inhibited tumor growth and increased mouse survival. Furthermore, complete tumor regression occurred in two vaccinated mice. These results demonstrate that blocking TGF-beta signals in DC enhances the efficacy of DC-based vaccines.
Hydrotalcite-like compounds are a class of anionic lays or layed double hydroxiods (LDHs) which consists of alkalescence, anion-exchanges and memory effect. The synthetic methods of LDHs include coprecipitation, hydrothermal synthesis, mirowave radiation, ion exchange, sol-gel method, roasting reduction method, instant synthesis, etc.The molar ratio of raw materials, pH value,reaction temperature,reaction time and so on have a greater impact on the purity and crystallinity of the LDHs.
An effective method for millimeter-wave (mmW) carrier generation from a dual-transverse-mode microsquare laser is experimentally demonstrated. By directly modulating the dual-mode microsquare laser at 6.7 GHz, multiple sidebands are generated due to enhanced modulation nonlinearity, and the lasing modes with an interval of 40 GHz are phase-locked. MmW carriers up to 47 GHz, corresponding to seven times that of the modulation frequency, are achieved with a linewidth below 10 Hz. The single-sideband phase noises of the signals keep the same level after transmission over 2.5 km of optical fiber.
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