In Poland, mandatory family protection is achieved by means of the compulsory portion. The chapter begins with a brief history of Polish succession law from the perspective of protection against disinheritance. Compulsory portion is also discussed from a constitutional perspective. Next, the regulation of compulsory portion, as well as of comparable instruments, are described. Among the topics discussed are: entitlement to compulsory portion; renunciation of claims; and disinheritance (‘deprivation’). Methods of calculating compulsory portion are presented, including the different situation in respect of different parts of the estate. Finally, liability for payment of compulsory portion is analysed, with particular attention being given to legatees per vindicationem and to the recipients of lifetime gifts from the deceased.
In recent years, professional mobility opportunities for university staff and students enshrined within various initiatives have been an effective tool in increasing the international visibility of universities. Activities such as participation in EU sponsored programs (mainly Erasmus-MUNDUS followed by ERASMUS+) as well as opportunities provided by national agencies like the China Scholarship Council, Polish National Academic Exchange Agency, and relevant schemes in other EU member states are perceived as perfect tools for turning ideas into reality. Aside from the scientific profits collected by the beneficiaries, opportunities for academic mobility serve as eye-openers, triggering new ideas and solutions based on good practices and experience. The purpose of this chapter is to study the background, practices, and effects of cooperation between China and the EU. It argues that the process of accelerating mobility cooperation between universities in China and Europe should not only start from people mobility but also from project mobility and policy mobility.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.