Morphology and reflectance of carbonaceous material (CM) in Late Carboniferous metasediments of the eastern Greywacke Zone (Eastern Alps) indicate a mixture of vitrinite, grainy textured and lamellar shaped particles. As imaged by high-resolution atomic-force microscopy, vitrinite and the grainy textured particles show mesophase structures which can be described as facetted nanocrystals within the carbon matrix. Highresolution transmission electron microscopy has revealed two types of microtextures representing different degrees of graphitization. The first type is characterized by elongated ring-shaped microtextures, whereas the second type is characterized by graphite lamellae and polygonal flakes with long-range ordered aromatic layers. In spite of the heterogeneity of the CMs, the geographical distribution of quantitative metamorphic parameter (Raman spectra parameter, X-ray diffraction pattern, microscopic reflectance) suggests a graphitization process which is promoted by advective heat transport during post-collisional processes. In a tentative pressure-time path, Late Cretaceous thrusting results in a turbostratic ordering of the aromatic layer. Ordering to long-range ordered aromatic layers was achieved during the Late Cretaceous-Paleogene exhumation of mid-crustal rocks beneath the eastern Greywacke Zone.
Abstract:The Pennsylvanian-Cisuralian late-orogenic and post-orogenic paleoenvironments of the Circum Pannonian Region (CPR) include tectono-stratigraphic sequences developed from the Upper Bashkirian-Moscovian marine early molasse stage up to the Guadalupian-Lopingian post-orogenic stage, with gradual connection to the beginning of the Alpine (Neotethyan) sedimentary cycle. Shallow marine siliciclastic or carbonate siliciclastic overstep sequences started in the internal part of the Variscan orogenic belt during the latest Serpukhovian and Bashkirian-Moscovian. They overlapped unconformably the variably metamorphosed Variscan basement, or weakly deformed and metamorphosed foreland and syn-orogenic flysch sediments of Mississippian to Early Pennsylvanian age. The post-Variscan rifting largely affected the Variscan orogenic belt by reactivation of the Variscan lithosphere. The late-to post-orogenic terrestrial sequences started within the internal part of the Variscan orogenic belt during the Middle/Late Pennsylvanian. It continued gradually to terrestrial-shallow water carbonate-siliciclastic sequences in its external part through the Permian. According to the present configuration, the Alpine (Neotethyan) northward shifting transgression started during the Guadalupian/Lopingian in the South and during the Early Triassic in the North.
A project called “Recycling of Tunnel Excavation Material” has been running since November 2008, supported by the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG) and eminent Austrian client organisations and companies engaged in tunnelling and hydropower station construction, to investigate the possible recycling of tunnel excavation material at eleven selected Austrian tunnel and hydropower projects. This is intended to demonstrate economical and environmentally positive recycling. Test strategies are also to be developed for the evaluation of the reusability of tunnel excavation material from the point of view of construction management and economics, both for the individual projects and also relevant to the main lithologies likely to be encountered in Austrian tunnels.
Seit November 2008 wird in einem von der Forschungsförderungsgesellschaft (FFG) und namhaften Auftraggebern und Baufirmen des österreichischen Kraftwerks‐ und Tunnelbaus unterstützten Forschungsprojekt “Recycling von Tunnelausbruchmaterial” die mögliche Wiederverwertung von Ausbruchmaterial an elf ausgewählten österreichischen Tunnel‐ und Kraftwerksprojekten der Zukunft untersucht. Eine wirtschaftliche und umweltschonende Wiederverwertung soll nachgewiesen werden. Weiters werden für die einzelnen Projekte und die in Österreich bei Tunnelausbrüchen zu erwartenden Hauptlithologien Versuchsstrategien zur Beurteilung der Wiederverwendbarkeit von Tunnelausbruchmaterial aus baubetrieblicher und bauwirtschaftlicher Sicht ermittelt.
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