Properly designed wooden truss bridges are environmentally compatible construction systems. The sharp decline in the erection of such structures in the past decades can be led back to the great effort needed for design and production. Digital parametric design and automated prefabrication approaches allow for a substantial improvement of the efficiency of design and manufacturing processes. Thus, if combined with a constructive wood protection following traditional building techniques, highly efficient sustainable structures are the result. The present paper describes the conceptual design for a wooden truss bridge drawn up for the overpass of a two-lane street crossing the university campus of one of Vienna’s main universities. The concept includes the greening of the structure as a shading design element. After an introduction, two Austrian traditional wooden bridges representing a good and a bad example for constructive wood protection are presented, and a state of the art of the production of timber trusses and greening building structures is given as well. The third part consists of the explanation of the boundary conditions for the project. Subsequently, in the fourth part, the conceptual design, including the design concept, the digital parametric design, the optimization, and the automated prefabrication concept, as well as the potential greening concept are discussed, followed by a summary and outlook on future research.
Wooden shingles are a traditional roofing material on many culturally important building artifacts. Currently, the roof space of many traditional buildings is used for residential purposes and, consequently, cold roof constructions with ventilation layers are applied. In this study, it is evaluated whether the moisture content of wooden shingles is adversely affected by such constructions, compared with unvented shingle roofs over cold attics and whether a temporary closing of the ventilation gaps at the eaves contributes to a lower wood moisture content. Various sensors were installed in and around a building with wooden shingles on a ventilated roof and temperature, air moisture, and air speed in the ventilation layer were measured throughout a year. The findings show that the air speed in the ventilation layer can be adjusted from 0.06 to 0.25 m/s depending on the layout of the eaves. A hygrothermal model was applied to evaluate the effects of different ventilation operation modes and cardinal orientations of the roof on the moisture content of the wooden shingles. The results show that roof ventilation results in a 1% lower shingle moisture content on average than an unventilated roof over a cold attic. Finally, it is shown that the wood moisture content repeatedly reaches dangerous levels above 25% throughout a year, which is worse on north-facing roofs and, hence, measures to increase the dry-out are relevant.
Torfmoos (Sphagnum) ist ein von alters her vielfach eingesetztes Dicht‐, Füll‐, und Dämmmaterial. Im Zuge der Bemühungen trockengelegte Moore wieder zu vernässen, wird die technische Nutzung von Torfmoosen (Sphagnum farming) erneut diskutiert. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurden die Wärmeleitfähigkeit und das hygroskopische Verhalten von unterschiedlich schweren Torfmoosmatten untersucht. Es zeigte sich, dass Torfmoos ein sehr vielversprechendes Fugendichtungsmaterial ist und die Dämmeigenschaften jenen von Polystyrol oder Mineralwolle ebenbürtig sind. Darüber hinaus wurden prototypische Baudetails zur Verwendung von Torfmoos als Dichtungs‐ und Dämmmaterial für die Bauanschlussfuge von Fenstern entwickelt. Torfmoos könnte hier eine Alternative zum weitverbreiteten PU‐Schaum im ökologischen Bausektor sein.
während bei modernen Thermofenstern, die nur eine Flügelebene aufweisen, der Gaspolster zwischen den Scheiben des Isolierglases im Zentimeterbereich liegt.
Due to climate change, ceiling paintings in many historic buildings are subjected to increasingly high short-term temperature change, resulting in high thermal tension caused by the construction assembly. This article focuses on the combined use of timed IR imaging and numeric modelling to evaluate insulation measures on the upper side of a ceiling to reduce thermal tensions in the painting layers, overheating in summer as well as cooling down in winter. As a model room, the southern splendour stair hall in the Burgtheater Vienna was chosen. Famous ceiling paintings created from 1886 to 1888 by Gustav Klimt and his brother Ernst Klimt can be found on this ceiling. The results show that timed IR imaging is an adequate tool to study the transient thermal behaviour of ceiling paintings which are not accessible to standard sensor measurements. Moreover, it could be shown that the presented measurement technique is well suited to validate a numeric model. The latter was applied to evaluate the potential insulation on the top of the ceiling. It was shown that cooling loads and energy loss in the room underneath can be reduced and most importantly the thermal stress in painting layers is reduced. The findings are relevant as, due to global warming, the current situation in many buildings is worsening. Considering the great intangible cultural value of many ceiling paintings, the application of the presented evaluation strategy for building physical boundaries on a ceiling with paintings seems to be appropriate.
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