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Background/aim: Alpha-2a adrenergic receptor (a 2 -AR) agonists are thought to be neuroprotective, preventing retinal ganglion cell death independent of pressure reduction. Previous studies have identified a 2 -ARs in rat retina. The authors aimed to demonstrate the presence and localisation of a 2 -ARs in human and rat retina and on the rat retinal ganglion cell line, RGC-5. Methods: Seven postmortem human and three postmortem rat eyes were paraformaldehyde fixed and frozen. RGC-5 cells were also paraformaldehyde fixed. The expression of a 2A -ARs was determined by antibody immunofluorescence. Results: a 2A -AR expression was identified in the human retina, on ganglion cells, and cells in the inner and outer nuclear layers (INL, ONL). Differential a 2A -AR staining patterns in the INL and ONL suggest a further restriction to as yet unidentified neuronal subclasses. The RGC-5 cell line also expressed a 2A -ARs in undifferentiated cells and an increased expression upon fully differentiated cells. Conclusion: a 2 -AR agonists in addition to their pressure lowering effects in the eye, may act directly upon retinal neurons, including retinal ganglion cells. The presence of a 2 -ARs on the RGC-5 cell line allows future investigation of these possible direct effects using in vitro glaucoma model systems.

Purpose Ptosis affects both the function and appearance of the eyes and face, because of drooping of the eyelids. Previous research has focused on functional impairment; however, similar appearance altering eye conditions have been demonstrated to have major impacts on psychosocial functioning. Methods This study examines the psychological well-being and appearance concerns of patients presenting with ptosis recruited from Bristol Eye Hospital using validated questionnaires focusing on demographics and psychosocial factors before surgery. Results Patients reported higher levels of anxiety, depression, and appearance concern than population norms, with scores comparable to previous research examining the impact of other disfiguring eye conditions. Gender differences were observed, with almost half of females experiencing significant psychosocial issues related to appearance concern about their ptosis compared with 20% of males. Linear regressions revealed that the main predictor of poor adjustment to the appearance of ptosis was the level of concern an individual had regarding the negative perceptions of other people. These results implicate psychosocial factors and demographics as predictors of the development of appearancerelated distress and compromised psychological well-being for patients with ptosis who are currently seeking surgery. Conclusions This study provides clinicians with a greater understanding of the concerns of affected patients, and treatment motivations. The findings may also inform the development of patient reported outcome measures and support for patients, which targets the psychosocial impact of the condition.

All cells are subject to physical forces by virtue of their position in a dynamically changing environment. This review outlines the various putative 'mechanosensors', or sensors of pressure cells possess, and discusses in particular the role stretch-activated membrane channels play in pressure recognition and transduction. The widespread occurrence of these channels is discussed and these 'mechanosensors' are related to pressure-related diseases, in particular, glaucoma.

The incidence of retinoblastoma in NSW is similar to other parts of the developed world.