The transportation sector is a major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, accounting for 14% of global emissions in 2010 according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency. In Quebec, this share amounts to 43%, of which 80% is caused by road transport according to the MinistÉre de l’Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques of QuÅbec. It is therefore essential to support the actions taken to reduce GHGs emissions from this sector and to quantify the impact of these actions. To do so, accurate and reliable emission models are needed. Driving cycles are defined as speed profiles over time and they are a key element of emission models. They represent driving behaviors specific to various road types in each region. The most widely used method to construct driving cycles is based on Markov chains and consists of concatenating small sections of speed profiles, called microtrips, following a transition matrix. Two of the main steps involved in the development of driving cycles are microtrip segmentation and microtrip classification. In this study, several combinations of segmentation and clustering methods are compared to generate the most reliable driving cycle. Results show that segmentation of microtrips with a fixed distance of 250 m and clustering of the microtrips by applying a principal component analysis on many key parameters related to their speed and acceleration provide the most accurate driving cycles.
Résumé : L'analyse d'un corpus de films documentaires réalisée dans le cadre d'une recherche liant réflexion sur l'image, anthro- pologie et pastoralisme, montre une focalisation croissante sur les conditions de vie du berger et sur ses modes d'habiter. L'intérêt dont témoignent les films étudiés pour la vie privée du berger naît dans les années 1990dans un contexte de recomposition et de re- valorisation de l'activité pastorale. Cet article se propose d'interroger le statut de cet habitat temporaire à travers la redéfinition des conditions d'occupation que ces films met- tent au jour,
: As part of a study on image, anthropology and pastoralism, an analysis of a selection of documentary films from the 1990s reveals a growing interest in the life-style of shepherds and particularly in their summer living conditions. This concern forthe shepherds private life appears at a time when pastoral activities are undergoing changes in terms of composition and a new, improved image. By focusing on the chan- gmg living conditions of shepherds as por- trayed in these films, the article examines the status of this temporary habitat.
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