The intervention of a clinical pharmacist is significant to obtain positive clinical results. Therefore, it is recommended that this protocol be included in the standard NHS treatment protocol CML patient outcomes to reduce the indirect and recurring costs to the health care system caused by nonadherence.

In nature, iron (Fe) occurs in abundance and ranks fourth among all elements on Earth's surface. Still, its availability to plants is reduced, once this element is in the form of hydrated oxides, which can limit plant productivity and biomass production. On the other hand, in high concentrations, this essential micronutrient for the plants can become a toxic agent, increasing the environmental contamination. Fe is necessary for the maintenance of essential processes like respiration and photosynthesis, participating in the electron transport chain and in the conversion between Fe 2+ and Fe 3+

At relatively low concentrations, the element manganese (Mn) is essential for plant metabolism, especially for photosynthesis and as an enzyme antioxidant cofactor. However, industrial and agricultural activities have greatly increased Mn concentrations, and thereby contamination, in soils. We tested whether and how growth of Pisolithus tinctorius is influenced by Mn and glucose and compare the activities of oxidative stress enzymes as biochemical markers of Mn stress. We also compared nutrient accumulation, ecophysiology, and biochemical responses in Eucalyptus grandis which had been colonized by the ectomycorrhizal Pisolithus tinctorius with those which had not, when both were exposed to increasing Mn concentrations. In vitro experiments comprised six concentrations of Mn in three concentrations of glucose. In vivo experiments used plants colonized by Pisolithus tinctorius, or not colonized, grown with three concentrations of Mn (0, 200, and 1000 μM). We found that fungal growth and glucose concentration were correlated, but these were not influenced by Mn levels in the medium. The anti-oxidative enzymes catalase and glutathione S-transferase were both activated when the fungus was exposed to Mn. Also, mycorrhizal plants grew more and faster than non-mycorrhizal plants, whatever Mn exposure. Photosynthesis rate, intrinsic water use efficiency, and carboxylation efficiency were all inversely correlated with Mn concentration. Thus, we originally show that the ectomycorrhizal fungus provides protection for its host plants against varying and potentially toxic concentrations of Mn.

Main conclusionHigher vacuolar proton pump activity may increase plant energy and nutrient use efficiency and provide the nexus between plant inoculation with Herbaspirillum seropedicae and growth promotion.

No abstract

The fishery on Penaeidae shrimp is done all over the Brazilian coast, especially the seabob shrimp (Xiphopenaeus kroyeri). It is captured in large quantities in the Southeast and Southern Brazil. In order to study the population structure of X. kroyeri from Anchieta Municipality, Espírito Santo State, during the period from January to December 2008, monthly samplings with one-hour-long were conducted to verify the number of individuals, biomass, sex, total length and gonad maturity stage. The specimens had total length ranging from 2.96 to 9.96 cm, and females were larger than males. It is suggested that the population of X. kroyeri presents patterns of recruitment and reproduction similar to those of the Northeast region. The estimated size of first gonadal maturation was 4.5 and 6.9 cm for males and females, respectively. The fishing operates on a stock composed of predominantly adult males and juveniles and adult females. The mesh size of the nets and the high plant biomass in the fishing areas may be contributing to the increased catch of juveniles, undermining the recruitment of X. kroyeri.

This study examined the removal of seeds of the exotic jackfruit Artocarpus heterophyllus (Lamarck) by mammals in a native forest area with predo minance of jackfruit trees in the Duas Bocas Bio logical Reserve, Southeastern Brazil. The seed removal experiments were made in an area with the predominance of jackfru it trees and in an native forest between January and October 2010. At each samp ling area three distinct treat ments (control: seeds that can be accessed by any species of mammals; semi-protected: seeds that can be accessed only by species of small mammals; and protected: seeds that can not be accessed by any species of ma mma ls) were d isplayed containing seeds of A. heterophyllus. The area predominated by jackfru it trees showed a greater removal o f seeds (35.6%) co mpared to the native forest (21.6%). The results showed that there was no significant difference in the amount of seeds removed fro m each area in the protected and control treatments. However, there was a higher seed removal in the semi-protected treatment in jackfruit trees area. In the native forest the removal was significantly h igher in the control than in the other treatments. In the jackfruit trees area, the removal of seeds in the control was significantly higher than in the protected treatment. Of the species recorded by camera traps, Trinomys paratus can be considered the main disperser in the jackfruit area, contributing to the dispersal of A. heterophyllus, an invasive plant species. Thus, a management plan for A. heterophyllus at the Duas Bocas Biological Reserve should be carried out partially , gradually and slowly, so that the populations of vertebrate species that now depend on this resource for food do not suffer a drastic impact.

Dias et al. Carbon Regulates Serendipita indica's Phenotypes Our study highlights the importance of considering microbial ecology in designing PGPM/biofertilizers. Further studies are needed to test the phenotypes under more extreme conditions, and to understand if the in vitro acquired characteristics persist under field conditions.