Material with estrogenic activity demonstrable by bioassay in rodents has been found in marine invertebrate tissues. Steidle (1930), using a mouse bioassay, found traces of estrogens in a sea urchin, Echinus iniliaris, three molluscs, Aplysia, Octopus and Eledone, as well as in certain worms and arthropods. Similarly Schwerdtfeger (1932) found estrogens in a sea anemone, Actinia aquina, but none in the mollusc Chiton marginatus. Donahue (1940) reported small amounts of estrogenically active material to be present in extracts of the Bermuda urchin, Lyt echinus varicgatus, the reef urchin, Echinometria, a holothurian, Stichopns mobii, and a lobster, Palinurus argus. More recently, this same author (Donahue, 1948) made extracts of the shed eggs of another lobster, Homarus americanus, purified them by solvent partition, and made estrogen analyses by a fluorometric method. In this way he found 100 international units of estrogen per 100 gm. eggs.Gordon and Villee ( 1956) have described an enzymatic assay for estrogens, w r hich is as sensitive as the fluorometric methods now available. Their assay depends upon the fact that human placenta contains a DPN(diphosphopyridine nucleotide) -linked isocitric dehydrogenase which catalyzes the reaction. isocitrate + DPN ^ a-ketoglutarate + DPNH + CO 2 and which is specifically activated by certain natural estrogens. In a limited range
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