In this work, we present a novel microfluidic-based approach for investigating the thermodynamics of multicomponent systems at high pressures and temperatures, such as determining miscibility diagrams and critical coordinates of complex mixtures. The developed method is primarily based on (i) bubble and dew point detection through optical characterization and (ii) the use of a so-called dynamic stop-flow measurement mode for fast screening of the diagram parameters, mainly P, T and composition. Our strategy was validated through the studies of model binary CO2-alkane mixtures. The obtained results were then compared to PREOS-calculated and literature data. We later applied this strategy for determining ternary and quaternary mixtures critical coordinates. This approach has equal accuracy compared to conventional high-pressure optical cell methods but allows for a much faster phase diagram determination, taking advantage of improved heat and mass transfers on the microscale and of the dynamic stop-flow approach.
-Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is increasingly used in the oil and gas industry. The present article aims to show how CFD can be used at all steps of the development of a new process, with a focus on refining technologies. Those different steps consist first of setting up tools that will be used during the development phase, second of obtaining data in complement with experiments required for the process development, and finally, of troubleshooting actions or technology developments that will make the process even more efficient. A large number of applications corresponding to various flow configurations, single-phase or gas-liquid, gas-solid or even gas-liquid-solid, characterised by significantly different scales and requiring adapted simulation approaches, are discussed based on original results and a review of the literature. Perspectives are given in particular on the multi-scale approach and physical phenomena coupling.Résumé -La simulation numérique des écoulements appliquée au développement de procédés dans le monde de l'industrie du pétrole et du gaz -une revue -La simulation numérique des écoulements, ou Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), est un outil de plus en plus employé dans les secteurs pétrolier et gazier. Cet article permet d'illustrer comment l'outil numérique est utilisé lors des différents stades de développement d'un nouveau procédé, en particulier dans le monde du raffinage. Ces différentes phases correspondent tout d'abord à la mise au point des équipements qui seront utilisés pour le développement, puis au complément des essais lors de la phase de développement proprement dite et enfin à des actions support pour la résolution de problèmes opératoires ou l'amélioration de technologies qui permettront d'optimiser le procédé. De nombreuses applications correspondant à différents types d'écoulements, monophasique ou gaz-liquide, gazsolide et gaz-liquide-solide, caractérisées par des échelles de résolution différentes et requérant des approches de simulations adaptées sont discutées sur la base de résultats originaux et d'une revue de travaux déjà publiés. Des perspectives sont aussi données tant sur les aspects approche multi-échelles que sur le couplage de phénomènes.
In
this paper, different technologies of distributors for trickle
bed reactors were compared, in terms of intrinsic performance of distribution
and resistance to tray unlevelness. γ-ray tomography has first
been used, in a large column unit, to visualize gas–liquid
distribution just below several tray technologies. Results obtained
show a better distribution performance under multiaperture chimney
trays, in comparison with gas-lift and bubble cap systems. Then, a
specific cold mock-up was designed in order to mimic tray tilt between
two tray elements. Sensitivities to tray unlevelness of both gas-lift
and multiaperture systems are comparable, far better than the one
for the bubble cap system. Multiaperture chimneys have indeed excellent
behavior at nominal conditions, while gas-lift technology is interesting
for its ability to behave similarly over a large flow range. Considering
those results, some guidelines are finally given for the choice of
the distribution technology.
-Catalytic reforming process has been used to produce high octane gasoline since the 1940s. It would appear to be an old process that is well established and for which nothing new could be done. It is however not the case and constant improvements are proposed at IFP Energies nouvelles. With a global R&D approach using new concepts and forefront methodology, IFPEN is able to: -propose a patented new reactor concept, increasing capacity; -ensure efficiency and safety of mechanical design for reactor using modelization of the structure; -develop new catalysts to increase process performance due to a high comprehension of catalytic mechanism by using, an experimental and innovative analytical approach ( 119 Sn Mössbauer and X-ray absorption spectroscopies) and also a Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations; -have efficient, reliable and adapted pilots to validate catalyst performance.Résumé -Le reformage catalytique : méthodologie et développement procédé pour une optimisation et une amélioration constante des performances -Le reformage catalytique est utilisé pour produire des essences à haut indice d'octane depuis les années 40. Il pourrait apparaître comme un « vieux » procédé mature et pour lequel aucune innovation n'est possible. Ce n'est pourtant pas le cas, et des améliorations permanentes y sont apportées par IFP Energies nouvelles. À l'aide d'une stratégie de recherche globale, IFPEN est en mesure de : -proposer un nouveau concept de réacteur breveté augmentant la capacité ; -assurer l'efficacité et la fiabilité des designs mécaniques des réacteurs via la modélisation fine des structures ; -développer des nouveaux catalyseurs augmentant les performances du procédé grâce à une compréhension poussée des mécanismes, ceci par le couplage d'expérimentation et de techniques analytiques innovantes ( 119 Sn Mössbauer et X-ray absorption spectroscopies) et aussi par modélisa-tion moléculaire quantique ; -proposer des évaluations fiables, précises et optimisées des catalyseurs sur une gamme d'unité pilote adaptée.
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