A model for the measurement of the discrepancy between two scores is presented and discussed as a paradigm for the study of growth or experimentally produced change. The model assumes two tests or measures differing in complexity, and it analyzes the true difference between the test scores into a component that is entirely dependent on the first or base-line test and a second component that is entirely independent of it. Equations for estimating both components are given and these are compared with other measurement efforts with similar goals.

Factor analytic and correlational studies of response styles have been reviewed for evidence relating stylistic responding to objective or performance measures of personality traits. The evidence strongly suggests that correlations among measures of any one style, such as acquiescence, are determined by more than one basic personality disposition. At least two such basic traits operate in the area of acquiescence; two more appear in the area of desirable responding, and two or three may underlie extremity of response. The evidence also tends to suggest that scores on many current response style variables are nonlinear functions of the basic trait variables. Theories about the psychological nature of these underlying traits are discussed, developed, and compared with findings in the current literature.

The Cognitive Coping Strategy Inventory (CCSI), developed from a theoretical taxonomy of coping strategies, allows for the assessment of coping strategies in acute pain settings. The initial instrument was administered to 83 postsurgical patients, and acceptable internal consistency was obtained for the subscales. After minor revisions it was administered to 100 postsurgical patients, a concurrent validity study was conducted, and its factor structure was investigated. The final version of the inventory was administered to 81 postsurgical patients. A sum index derived from the CCSI was significantly related to both self-perception of pain tolerance and independent ratings of subjects' pain coping ability. Concurrent validity studies indicated that a small portion of pain coping variance was accounted for by the CCSI, and cautions are raised regarding its use as an isolated measure.Cognitive and cognitive-behavioral treatments have proven effective in increasing pain tolerance among both acute and chronic pain populations (Tan, 1982;Turner & Chapman, 1982). These treatments typically involve instruction in various cognitive coping strategies (Turk, Meichenbaum, & Genest, 1983). When used with postsurgical pain, these strategies have

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Accuracy in perceiving emergent task and socioemotional leadership in small groups was studied. One hundred and forty-nine undergraduates viewed a videotape of a group and guessed the order in which the group would rank its members on five leadership test items. Tapes of six groups were used. Subjects were individually and collectively accurate beyond chance. Subjects' accuracy correlated .82 with measures of agreement among the stimulus-group members' rankings of each other. The data suggested that the perception of task and socioemotional leaderships are independent. Subjects were accurate in perceiving both task and socioemotional leadership independently of their accuracy in perceiving the group members' rates of participation.1 This article is based on a thesis presented by the first author to the faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master's degree. Some of the data presented in this article have already been reported by Stein (1971).