Internal crossflow, or internal flow that is perpendicular to the overflowing mainstream, reduces film cooling effectiveness by disrupting the diffusion of coolant at the exit of axial shaped holes. Previous experimental investigations have shown that internal crossflow causes the coolant to bias toward one side of the diffuser and that the severity of the biasing scales with the inlet velocity ratio, VRi, or the ratio of crossflow velocity to the jet velocity in the metering section of the hole. It has been hypothesized and computationally predicted that internal crossflow produces an asymmetric swirling flow within the hole that causes the coolant to bias in the diffuser and that biasing contributes to ingestion of hot mainstream gas into the hole, which is undesirable. However, there are no experimental measurements as of yet to confirm these predictions. In the present study, in- and near-hole flow field and thermal field measurements were performed to investigate the flow structures and mainstream ingestion for a standard axial shaped hole fed by internal crossflow. Three different inlet velocity ratios of VRi = 0.24, 0.36, and 0.71 were tested at varying injection rates. Measurements were made in planes normal to the nominal direction of coolant flow at the outlet plane of the hole and at two downstream locations—x/d = 0 and 5. The predicted swirling structure was observed for the highest inlet velocity ratio and flow within the hole was shown to scale with VRi. Ingestion within the diffuser was significant and also scaled with VRi. Downstream flow and thermal fields showed that increased biasing contributed to more severe jet detachment and coolant dispersion away from the surface.
In this study, a combination of computational simulation and experimental testing was used to evaluate a broad range of forward and lateral expansion angles for a turbine film cooling shaped holes. The study demonstrates the utilizing of RANS based CFD to quickly screen potential optimized geometries, followed by experimental determination of true performance characteristics. As a baseline, the performance of all film cooling holes was evaluated using an internal coolant channel cross-flow. Also, all hole geometries incorporated a filleted inlet-plenum interface, which presumes use of additive manufacturing to construct the turbine components. Experimental validation confirmed that the computational simulations predicted the correct relative performance of various hole geometries, even though actual performance levels were not predicted well. This investigation showed that the performance of laidback, fan shaped holes was much more sensitive to the lateral expansion angle than the forward expansion angle. The optimum shaped hole configuration was found to be a hole with a 15° lateral expansion angle and a 1° forward expansion angle (15-15-1 configuration), which had a maximum average adiabatic effectiveness 40% greater than the baseline 7-7-7 open literature hole. This study also showed that the shaped hole diffuser performance is primarily a function only three parameters: the coolant jet velocity ratio, VR, the shaped hole area ratio, AR, and the hole exit width relative to the pitch between holes, t/P.
No abstract
Internal crossflow, or internal flow that is perpendicular to the overflowing mainstream, reduces film cooling effectiveness by disrupting the diffusion of coolant at the exit of axial shaped holes. Previous experimental investigations have shown that internal crossflow causes the coolant to bias toward one side of the diffuser and that the severity of the biasing scales with the inlet velocity ratio, VRi, or the ratio of crossflow velocity to the jet velocity in the metering section of the hole. It has been hypothesized and computationally predicted that internal crossflow produces an asymmetric swirling flow within the hole that causes the coolant to bias in the diffuser and that biasing contributes to ingestion of hot mainstream gas into the hole, which is undesirable. However, there are no experimental measurements as of yet to confirm these predictions. In the present study, in and near-hole flow field and thermal field measurements were performed to investigate the flow structures and mainstream ingestion for a standard axial shaped hole fed by internal crossflow. Three different inlet velocity ratios of VRi = 0.24, 0.36, and 0.71 were tested at varying injection rate. Measurements were made in planes normal to the nominal direction of coolant flow at the outlet plane of the hole and at two downstream locations — x/d = 0 and 5. The predicted swirling structure was observed for the highest inlet velocity ratio and flow within the hole was shown to scale with VRi. Ingestion within the diffuser was significant and also scaled with VRi. Downstream flow and thermal fields showed that increased biasing contributed to more severe jet detachment and coolant dispersion away from the surface.
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