No abstract

With modern genetic engineering tools, microorganisms can become resilient green cell factories to produce sustainable biofuels directly. Compared to non-engineered algae and cyanobacteria, the photon conversion efficiency can be significantly increased. Furthermore, simplified harvesting processes are feasible since the novel microorganisms are excreting the biofuels or their precursors continuously and directly into the cultivation media. Along with higher productivity and direct product harvesting, it is expected that environmental benefits can be achieved, especially for climate protection. A life cycle assessment (LCA) for biobutanol production with the genetically engineered cyanobacteria Synechocystis PCC6803 is performed to test this hypothesis. A prospective and upscaled approach was applied to assess the environmental impacts at large-scale production (20 ha plant) for better comparability with conventional butanol production. The LCA results show that the engineering of microorganisms can improve the environmental impact, mainly due to the higher productivity compared to non-engineered cyanobacteria. However, the nevertheless high electricity demand required for the cultivation and harvesting process overcompensates this benefit. According to the scenario calculations, a more favourable climate gas balance can be achieved if renewable electricity is used. Then, greenhouse gas emissions are reduced to 3.1 kg CO2 eq/kg biobutanol, corresponding to 20% more than the fossil reference: (2.45 kg CO2 eq./kg 1-butanol). The results indicate the importance of genetic engineering and the energy transition towards renewable electricity supply to take full advantage of the environmental potential of microorganisms as future green cell factories for sustainable biofuel production. Besides, the necessity of developing different scenarios for perspective and upscaled LCA for a fairer comparison with mature reference technologies is demonstrated.

Microalgae have the potential to serve as sustainable biocatalysts for direct sun-to-bioproduct approaches, e.g. for the synthesis of biofuels. Genetic engineered mutants with a higher photon conversion efficiency of sunlight into biofuels of interest are capable to serve as powerful green cell factories. These advanced metabolic engineering approaches are expected to have environmental benefits, especially for climate protection.The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) on these novel technologies for the continuous production of algal biobutanol are based on unique and until now unpublished data from a pilot plant. Applying an upscaling approach the environmental impacts of algal biobutanol production at large-scale (20 ha plant) are presented for different scenarios. The results of the prospective LCA show that the higher productivity of the genetically engineered cyanobacteria Synechocystis PCC6803 and its specific feature of discharging the product biobutanol into the medium has a positive impact on the environment. However, electricity demand required for algae cultivation and product harvest overcompensates this advantage. The scenario calculations show that a positive climate gas balance can only be achieved if renewable energy is used.These results indicate the importance of genetic engineering and the energy transition for a fully renewable electricity supply to take full advantage of their environmental potential. Besides, the importance of applying upscaling approaches in LCA for a fairer comparison with mature reference technologies is demonstrated.