El control contramayoritario como marco de análisis de la influencia del nuevo constitucionalismo latinoamericano sobre la democracia Countermajoritarian control as framework for the analysis of the influence of the new Latin American constitutionalism upon democracy FRANZ BARRIOS-SUVELZA Universidad de Erfurt, Alemania Como citar/Citation Barrios-Suvelza, F. (2018). El control contramayoritario como marco de análisis de la influencia del nuevo constitucionalismo latinoamericano sobre la democracia. Revista Española de Ciencia Política, 47, 39-68. Doi:https://doi.org/10.21308/recp.47.02 ResumenTanto críticos como simpatizantes del nuevo constitucionalismo latinoamericano (NCL), que es como algunos han calificado la ola de reformas constitucionales llevadas a cabo en Venezuela, Ecuador y Bolivia entre 1999 y 2009, coinciden en que tales reformas han producido una alteración en los dispositivos de control contramayoritario en dichos países. Sin embargo, este hallazgo acusa cierta debilidad conceptual en torno a diversos aspectos como son: a) la naturaleza de los dispositivos de control contramayoritario; b) la lógica de relación de estos con la democracia; c) lo que la existencia de dichos dispositivos nos dice sobre el alcance de la democracia misma; d) la entidad dentro de la cual operan estos dispositivos y la democracia, y finalmente e) las novedades reales del NCL frente a un pasado que, desde cierta perspectiva, podría considerarse carente de un sistema desarrollado de control contramayoritario. Este artículo propone un esquema conceptual alternativo para resolver, al menos en parte, estos dilemas de orden conceptual, pero sin cuyo esclarecimiento mal podría abordarse un trabajo de carácter empírico. Palabras clave: nuevo constitucionalismo latinoamericano, Estado de derecho, democracia, autoritarismo, populismo, movimientos sociales. Abstract Both critics and endorsers of the new Latin American constitutionalism (NLAC), as the wave of constitutional reforms carried out in Venezuela, Ecuador and Bolivia between 1999 and 40 Franz Barrios-Suvelza Revista Española de Ciencia Política. Núm. 47. Julio 2018, pp. 39-682009 is referred to, agree that these reforms have altered the countermajoritarian control devises in the above countries. However, this finding shows some conceptual flaws relating to several aspects such as: a) the nature of the countermajoritarian control devices; b) their logic of relationship with democracy; c) what the very existence of these devices reveals about the scope of democracy itself; d) the entity where these devises and democracy operate, and finally e) the actual novelty of NLAC compared to the past which, from some perspective, lacked a developed system of countermajoritarian control. This article proposes a new conceptual approach to resolve, at least partially, the above-mentioned conceptual dilemmas which need to be clarified before an empirical work could be properly tackled.
The resignation of the Bolivian President Morales in November 2019 has sparked an international polemic over whether a coup d’état took place. This article concludes that the assumption of a coup d’état would be misleading. The problems faced by the Bolivian case stem not only from the lax manner in which scholars have gathered facts, but also from the fact that the concept of coup may have reached its limits. Building on a legal approach, this article proposes a new conceptual strategy that overcomes both the under-theorization of the (partial) legal order variable used to define a coup and the underrating of this variable. Introducing this variable as the target during an anomalous seizure of executive power means moving from a threefold to a fourfold conceptual scheme of definition (victim, perpetrator, tactic, and target). A coup must not only be illegal but must also break the partial legal order. As a result, the notion of regime restoration is proposed for cases in which the partial legal order underlying the regime has already been broken by the overthrown ruler well prior to the day of their anomalous exit.
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