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OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to investigate changes in dentofacial characteristics associated with mouth breathing (MB) and adenoidectomy. BACKGROUND: MB is considered to be an etiological factor of malocclusion. Adenoidectomy is supposed to have the ability to prevent the development of dentofacial deformities. METHODS: This retrospective study included 123 patients, namely 57 nose breathers, 19 former mouth breathers, who have undergone adenoidectomy, and 47 mouth breathers. The groups were compared according to their skeletal and dental characteristics. The measurements of each individual were obtained from lateral cephalograms and dental casts. The comparison was done using one-way ANOVA, Bonferroni post-hoc, Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The statistically signifi cant difference was defi ned as p < 0.05. RESULTS: The MB group showed an increase in ArGoMe (p = 0.02) angle. No difference was found in the sagittal parameters among the groups. Upper dental arch compression was positively correlated with MB (p=0.00), even in adenoidectomy cases (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: MB alters the vertical and transverse growth of the craniofacial complex. It is associated with longer lower anterior facial height and decreased maxillary intermolar distance. However, it does not infl uence the sagittal parameters. Airway clearance via adenoidectomy promotes the normalization of vertical parameters (Tab. 1, Fig. 2, Ref. 20).

Gutta-percha was first introduced as a restorative material and later developed into an indispensable endodontic filling material. It has become one of the most important materials in endodontics, in its development as a field. Over the years, numerous methods have been advocated to obturate the root canal with gutta-percha and sealer. Hence various forms of gutta-percha are available for usage and the current forms are solid core gutta-percha points, standardized, non-standardized, thermo mechanical compactible gutta-percha, thermo plasticized gutta-percha, solid core system, injectable form, and medicated guttapercha. This article describes its origin, its chemistry, its different phases and properties of gutta-percha in term of using in dentistry. The aim of this study was to elucidate the rheological properties of gutta-percha, and to discuss whether the method using guttapercha is proper for obturating the root canal.

SummaryBackground/Aim: Root resorption is one of the most common consequences of orthodontic treatment. However, its mechanism, etiology factors, diagnostic methods and the possibility of root repair remain controversial topics. The aim of this paper is to provide an updated review of the current literature concerning the orthodontically induced root resorption.Material and Methods: A literature search was performed using Google Scholar, PubMed and Scopus search engines covering the period January 1930 until June 2019 corresponding to articles investigating the mechanism, etiology, methods of interpretation of root resorption and the stages of root repair.Results: The mechanism of orthodontically induced root resorption involves an interaction between several molecular signaling pathways, which result in the resorption of both cementum and dentin by odontoclasts/cementoclasts. Root resorption can be the result of both treatment and patient-related factors. The main risk factors include prolonged orthodontic treatments, heavy forces, specific tooth movements, method of force application, systemic/genetic factors and aberrant root morphology. Nevertheless, root resorption is repaired to some extend by cellular cementum.Conclusions: Orthodontically root resorption is an unavoidable complication mainly due to its multifactorial etiology. However, its severity can be minimized with careful planning and radiographic monitoring.

Objective: To investigate whether there is a relationship between the distance between the iris and pupil with the ideal size of buccal corridors. Materials and Methods:A full-portrait image of a male Caucasian was used to create a set of 11 digitally modified images with different buccal corridor space. A webbased cross-sectional study was designed and distributed via an online survey to 200 laypeople and 200 orthodontists to assess image attractiveness, using a Visual analogue scale. For the statistical analysis, Wilcoxon signed-rank and Mann-Whitney U tests were used. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results:The response rate for laypeople was 70% (n = 139), while the rate for orthodontists was 73% (n = 146). For the layperson group, the maximum smile attractiveness score was 10% of buccal width reduction, compared to the iris-pupillary distance, while for the orthodontists, it was 20%. The attractiveness of the smile was significantly reduced in both groups when the buccal corridor width was increased in comparison to the iris-pupillary distance. Conclusion:The length between the mesial part of the iris and the distal of the pupil, may constitutes a landmark for the estimation of the desired width of the buccal corridor.Clinical Relevance: Inter iris-pupillary distance can be the starting point in the smile designing process, in order to perform a facial driven selection of buccal corridor size.

The present article provides the clinician with a fundamental principle for achieving success with direct application of resinous materials in cases of discolored posterior teeth, mainly due to amalgam corrosion of a previous restoration. The procedure, advantages, and limitations of the technique are discussed. Summary: A first upper right molar previously filled with amalgam was prepared for a direct composite resin restoration, due to secondary caries. The discolored dentin on the pulpal floor was treated with a white opaquer and a resinous corn color tint also applied with a round painter's brush. Dentin and enamel shade stratification was performed according to the layering technique following the anatomical morphology of the tooth. Finishing was performed with extra-fine diamond burs and aluminum oxide disks. Then a silicon-rubber polishing cups system was used with a 5 μm diamond polishing paste in order to achieve high surface gloss. Key learning points: The preparation of dentin should be kept in minimum in order to follow the principle of minimally invasive dentistry. The application of an opaquer over the discolored dentin should be made in a very thin layer of 0.1 mm. The resinous color modifiers should be applied and layered homogeneously.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the infl uence of lip sucking on dentofacial development in a pair of 6.5-year-old monozygotic twins. BACKGROUND: Lip sucking, which causes an imbalance in splanchnocraniums soft tissues pressures, can infl uence the hard tissues development, and contribute to orthodontic anomalies. METHODS: Analysis of lateral cephalometric X-rays was performed by 9 orthodontists. Data were compared using the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Statistical signifi cance was defi ned as p < 0.05. RESULTS: SNA, A-NPog, and Cond-A values suggested an anterior shift of the maxilla. The 1u to SN, 1u to A-Pog, 1u to A-Pog angle, and 1u-Avert values indicated an upper incisor protrusion. While the 1l to A-Pog, 1l to A-Pog angle and 1l to Go-Me values showed a retrusion of the lower incisors, the NL-NSL implied a hard palate rotation counterclockwise. The SNA-Me indicated that the mandible of the lip-sucking patient was in a more inferior position. CONCLUSION: Lip sucking can infl uence the skeletal development of maxilla, the position of upper and lower incisors and the position of mandible. Skeletal development of mandible seems to be unaffected (Tab. 3, Fig. 1, Ref. 26).

Objectives To evaluate and compare the efficiency of orthodontic treatment and surgical uprighting of first and second mandibular molars. Materials and Methods An electronic literature search in PubMed, Science Direct, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, LILACS, and Google Scholar, as well as a hand search was conducted by two independent researchers to identify relevant articles up to January 2022. In addition, a manual search was done that included article reference lists, grey literature, and dissertations. The risk of bias of the included prospective and retrospective studies was assessed with the Risk Of Bias Tool In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) assessment tool. Results A total of six nonrandomized clinical trials (non-RCT) evaluating the efficiency of mandibular molar orthodontic and/or surgical uprighting were included. The quality analysis showed certain defects of the Non-RCTs included and, according to the criteria used, the majority of the articles were judged to be of moderate quality. Conclusions Based on the evidence, orthodontic and surgical uprighting appear to be effective treatment methods for mandibular molars. Surgical uprighting may be associated with more complications than orthodontic uprighting. However, the existing literature on the subject is limited, heterogeneous, and methodologically limited. Therefore, the outcomes should be interpreted carefully.