Age, obesity, and urinary tract symptoms are the most-important correlates of significant ED in the population. Cardiac problems, COPD, and smoking are other independent correlates. Significant EjD is largely related to age, decreased erectile function, and previous prostate surgery.

No abstract

Objective To estimate the prevalence of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in the community, and study the in¯uence of BPH de®nition, age and response bias on prevalence rates. Subjects and methods A community-based longitudinal study of 3924 men aged 50±75 years was conducted in a Dutch municipality (Krimpen) near Rotterdam. Data from those responding were collected using selfadministered questionnaires, and during visits to the health centre and outpatient clinic of the urology department. The questionnaires included symptom scores on general well being (Inventory of Subjective Health, ISH) and lower urinary tract symptoms (International Prostate Symptom Score, IPSS). A short version of the questionnaire (including the IPSS and ISH) was sent to a random sample of those not responding. All subjects participating fully underwent a physical examination, uro¯owmetry, transrectal ultrasonometry of the prostate and had their prostate speci®c antigen level measured. Age-speci®c prevalence rates of BPH were estimated using different de®nitions, based on one or more of symptom severity, prostate volume and maximum¯ow rate. The in¯uence of response bias was estimated using the questionnaires. Results The response rate was 50% (full participants). Of those not responding, 55% completed a short version of the questionnaire (partial participants). Compared with full participants, partial participants had a lower IPSS and slightly lower ISH. The prevalence rates of clinical BPH in the study population was 9±20% (95% con®dence interval, 8±11% to 22±27%) depending on the de®nition used. After adjusting for nonresponse bias, the age-group speci®c prevalences for 5-year age strata were 1.1±1.8 times lower for all BPH de®nitions used. Conclusions The prevalence rates of clinical BPH depend largely on the de®nition used and increase strongly with age. The effect of age is stronger when more variables are included in the de®nition. Adjustment for response bias results in substantially lower prevalence rates.

Diurnal frequency is independent of age (median 5 voids, interquartile range 4 to 6) but higher in men with BPH. Nocturia increases with advancing age and is more frequent in men with nocturnal polyuria. BPH is an independent risk factor for nocturia and increased diurnal voiding frequency. In those with nocturia there is a great difference in subjective symptoms and objective data, indicating that the weight of the I-PSS question on nocturia for making treatment decisions should be reconsidered.

Diurnal frequency is independent of age (median 5 voids, interquartile range 4 to 6) but higher in men with BPH. Nocturia increases with advancing age and is more frequent in men with nocturnal polyuria. BPH is an independent risk factor for nocturia and increased diurnal voiding frequency. In those with nocturia there is a great difference in subjective symptoms and objective data, indicating that the weight of the I-PSS question on nocturia for making treatment decisions should be reconsidered.

No abstract

No abstract

The assumed relationship between the female hormonal aspects and OA was not clearly observed in this review. The relationship is perhaps too complex, or other aspects, yet to be determined, play a role in the increased incidence in women aged >50 years.