Tin is an essential raw material both for the copper–tin alloys developed during the Early Bronze Age and for the casting of tableware in the Medieval period. Secondary geological deposits in the form of placers (cassiterite) provide easily accessible sources but have often been reworked several times during land‐use history. In fact, evidence for the earliest phase of tin mining during the Bronze Age has not yet been confirmed for any area in Europe, stimulating an ongoing debate on this issue. For this study, a broad range of methods (sedimentology, pedology, palynology, anthracology, OSL/14C‐dating, and micromorphology) was applied both within the extraction zone of placer mining and the downstream alluvial sediments at Schellerhau site in the upper eastern Erzgebirge (Germany). The results indicate that the earliest local removal of topsoil and processing of cassiterite‐bearing weathered granite occurred already in the early second millennium BC, thus coinciding with the early and middle Bronze Age period. Placer mining resumed in this area during the Medieval period, probably as early as the 13th century AD. A peak of alluvial sedimentation during the mid‐15th century AD is probably related to the acquisition of this region by the Elector of Saxony and the subsequent promotion of mining.
Since the twelfth century, forest areas in the upper reaches of the low mountain ranges of central Europe provided an important source of wood and charcoal especially for mining and smelting as well as glass production. In this case study from a site in the upper Erzgebirge region (Ore Mountains), results from archeological, geophysical, pedo-sedimentological, geochemical, However, although glass production is generally assumed to have caused intensive deforestation, the impact on this site appears rather weak compared to the sixteenth century onwards, when charcoal production, probably associated with emerging mining activities in the region, became important.Local deforestation and soil erosion has been associated mainly with this later phase of charcoal production and may indicate that the human impact of glass production is sometimes overestimated.
Abstract. Geoarchaeological reconstructions of land-use changes may help to reveal
driving cultural factors and incentives behind these processes and relate
them to supra-regional economic and political developments. This is
particularly true in the context of complete abandonment of a settlement.
Here we present a case study from the site of Faule Pfütze, a small
catchment in the Eastern Ore Mountains (Saxony). The historical record of
this site is confined to the report of a settlement called Hohenwalde in
1404 CE and two later references to the then-abandoned settlement in 1492 and
1524 CE in this area. Combined geoarchaeological studies allowed for the
reconstruction of several phases of land use. While a first phase of alluvial
sedimentation occurred during the late 12th century, archaeological
evidence for a permanent settlement is absent during this period. The onset
of settlement activity is identified during the late 14th century and
included a hitherto unknown massive stone building. Mining features are
present nearby and are dated to the early 15th century. The local
palynological record shows evidence for reforestation during the
mid 15th century and thereby corroborates the time of abandonment
indicated by written sources. These processes are discussed in the context of
a local political conflict (Dohna Feud) leading to the redistribution of
properties and the development of a mining economy during this time. Later
land use from the mid 16th century onwards appears restricted to
charcoal production, probably in the context of smelting works operating in
nearby Schmiedeberg as indicated by rising lead concentrations in the
alluvial record.
Colluvial sediments originating from soil erosion on slopes have proven to constitute significant evidence for tracing past human impact on mountain landscapes. In the Central European Erzgebirge (Ore) Mountains, colluvial sediments are associated with specific landforms (footslopes, slope flattenings, dells) and cover a share of 11% (11,905 ha) of the regional soil landscape. Thirteen pedosedimentary sections with colluvial layers were investigated at five forested sites (520–730 m a.s.l.) within a context of mining archaeology, integrating data from pedology, archaeology, palaeobotany, and geochronology. The thickness of the gravel-bearing loamy, silty, and sandy colluvial layers is up to 70 cm, which are mostly located on top of the sections. The geochronological ages and archaeological data reveal a high to late medieval to post-medieval age of the colluvial sediments. Pollen data show a drastic decline of the mountain forests in the late twelfth to fifteenth centuries AD accompanied by an increase of pioneer trees and spruce at the expense of fir and beech. The primary cause of soil erosion and subsequent colluvial deposition at the sites investigated is medieval to post-medieval mining and other early industrial activities. A compilation of 395 radiocarbon and OSL ages, obtained from colluvial sediments at 197 upland sites in Central Europe, shows that anthropogenically initiated colluvial dynamics go as far back as the late Bronze Age to the early Iron Age. Most ages derive from the medieval to post-medieval period, corresponding to the general intensification of settlement and land-use activities including deforestation and widespread ore mining.
Purpose To compare the outcomes and complications of the partial-thickness scleral flap technique to the long scleral tunnel technique in patients who underwent mitomycin C (MMC)-augmented Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) implantation. Patients and Methods In this retrospective study, we reviewed 139 eyes of 137 patients with refractory glaucoma who underwent AGV-Model FP7 implantation. The eyes were divided into the scleral flap group (n = 74) and the scleral tunnel group (n = 65). Results The mean follow-up was 57.91 ± 18.18 months for the flap and 61.18 ± 15.13 months for the tunnel group (p = 0.2499). The postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) at 1 to 6 years was significantly lower than the baseline IOP in each group (p < 0.001). The average number of postoperative glaucoma medications decreased in the tunnel group (p = 0.0001) and in the flap group (p = 0.6194) compared to baseline. No statistically significant differences in postoperative visual acuity (p = 0.6396) and cumulative success (p = 0.054) were noted between the two groups. Conjunctival erosion or tube migration only occurred in the flap group. Significantly more reoperations were performed in the flap than in the tunnel group (p = 0.048). Conclusions Both MMC-augmented AGV tube implantation methods lowered IOP. The flap technique was associated with higher rates of postoperative serious complications and more reoperations than the tunnel technique. Previous glaucoma surgery and the technique used to implant the surgical tube proved to be significant risk factors for conjunctival erosion.
A clinical study of the character Cara-de-Bronze, named "Segisberto Saturnino Jéia Velho, Filho", is the aim of this article.Guimarães Rosa, who practiced medicine in a rural context during two years, has carefully and ingenious compiled the character's state of health: step by step he used clinical anamnesis technique (listing not only symptoms, but also information on body constitution, habits and biography) in order to work out another level of anamnesis, the poetic one. The present approach is based on both the Rosian and the medical literature, with an emphasis on studies dealing with the history and imaginaries of the pathologies that haunted the early 20th century.
ResumoA caracterização clínica da personagem Cara-de-Bronze, nomeado "Segisberto Saturnino Jéia Velho, Filho", é o objetivo deste artigo. Guimarães Rosa, que exerceu a medicina durante dois anos em contexto rural, compôs 1 Este artigo é parte da investigação de pós-doutorado "João Guimarães Rosa e o nome próprio" (2020), na Linha de Pesquisa Imagem, Estética e Cultura Contemporânea da FAC-UnB, sob supervisão do Prof. Dr. Gustavo de Castro. Os autores agradecem aos membros do Grupo de Estudos Siruiz pela troca instigante.
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