Abstract.We have built an all-solid-state camera that is directly modulated at the pixel level for frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) measurements. This novel camera eliminates the need for an image intensifier through the use of an application-specific charge coupled device design in a frequency-domain FLIM system. The first stage of evaluation for the camera has been carried out. Camera characteristics such as noise distribution, dark current influence, camera gain, sampling density, sensitivity, linearity of photometric response, and optical transfer function have been studied through experiments. We are able to do lifetime measurement using our modulated, electron-multiplied fluorescence lifetime imaging microscope (MEM-FLIM) camera for various objects, e.g., fluorescein solution, fixed green fluorescent protein (GFP) cells, and GFP-actin stained live cells. A detailed comparison of a conventional microchannel plate (MCP)-based FLIM system and the MEM-FLIM system is presented. The MEM-FLIM camera shows higher resolution and a better image quality. The MEM-FLIM camera provides a new opportunity for performing frequency-domain FLIM.
To meet the demand for higher resolution in professional digital imaging, an 11 M pixel, 35-mm format full-frame CCD image sensor was developed as an upgrade for an existing 6 M pixel CCD. This paper presents the device requirements, the architecture, modes of operation, and extensive evaluation results.
CCD imagers for professional digital still cameras (DSCs) require in general high resolution. However for some applications, high sensitivity and high speed are more important and can be exchanged for resolution. A concept is presented in which the resolution of the imager will be decreased in binning mode while the sensitivity and frame rates are increased. For color CCDs, the RGB Bayer color filter pattern should be preserved after charge binning without discarding charge. The first results of this new concept are presented.
IntroductionA 28 Mega pixel CCD image sensor with a novel 2x2 onchip RGB charge-binning concept for the high-end digital still camera market is presented. Although the resolution of the imager will be decreased in charge binning mode, the advantages of the binning concept can be found in higher sensitivity (4x), better signal to noise ratio (2x) and increased frame rates (3-4x) for applications that are less demanding with respect to resolution. Examples are motion (sport) digital still images, low-light image capturing and auto-focus information gathering. On-chip charge binning is a common technique for monochrome CCDs [1]. However, for color CCDs it is required that the RGB Bayer color filter pattern is reconstructed after the charge binning, and preferably, this should be done without discarding any of the captured charge packets. The new binning concept presented here meets these requirements and the first evaluation results and the overall device performance are reported.
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