The Neurochip-2 is a second generation, battery-powered device for neural recording and stimulating that is small enough to be carried in a chamber on a monkey’s head. It has three recording channels, with user-adjustable gains, filters, and sampling rates, that can be optimized for recording single unit activity, local field potentials, electrocorticography, electromyography, arm acceleration, etc. Recorded data are stored on a removable, flash memory card. The Neurochip-2 also has three separate stimulation channels. Two “programmable-system-on-chips” (PSoCs) control the data acquisition and stimulus output. The PSoCs permit flexible real-time processing of the recorded data, such as digital filtering and time-amplitude window discrimination. The PSoCs can be programmed to deliver stimulation contingent on neural events or deliver preprogrammed stimuli. Access pins to the microcontroller are also available to connect external devices, such as accelerometers. The Neurochip-2 can record and stimulate autonomously for up to several days in freely behaving monkeys, enabling a wide range of novel neurophysiological and neuroengineering experiments.
Toward addressing many neuroprosthetic applications, the Neurochip3 (NC3) is a multichannel bidirectional brain-computer interface that operates autonomously and can support closed-loop activity-dependent stimulation. It consists of four circuit boards populated with off-the-shelf components and is sufficiently compact to be carried on the head of a non-human primate (NHP). NC3 has six main components: (1) an analog front-end with an Intan biophysical signal amplifier (16 differential or 32 single-ended channels) and a 3-axis accelerometer, (2) a digital control system comprised of a Cyclone V FPGA and Atmel SAM4 MCU, (3) a micro SD Card for 128 GB or more storage, (4) a 6-channel differential stimulator with ±60 V compliance, (5) a rechargeable battery pack supporting autonomous operation for up to 24 h and, (6) infrared transceiver and serial ports for communication. The NC3 and earlier versions have been successfully deployed in many closed-loop operations to induce synaptic plasticity and bridge lost biological connections, as well as deliver activity-dependent intracranial reinforcement. These paradigms to strengthen or replace impaired connections have many applications in neuroprosthetics and neurorehabilitation.
A method for making a contiguous series of blood vessel diameter estimates from digitized images is proposed. It makes use of a vessel intensity profile model based on the vessel geometry and the physics of the imaging process, providing estimates of far greater accuracy than previously obtained. A variety of techniques are used to reduce the computational demand. The method includes the generation of measurement estimation error, which is important in determining total vessel patency as well as providing a basic measure of diameter estimate accuracy.
Blood microvessels in the membraneous lateral wall of the cochlea were examined using intravital microscopic techniques. A video analysis system made serial diameter measurements at 1 micron intervals along the length of selected vessel segments during four experimental conditions. For each vessel segment, the serial measurements were statistically converted into a single diameter estimate, such that the flow resistance in a uniform vessel of this diameter would equal the resistance of the real non-uniform vessel. Nominal vessel diameters found (spiral ligament: 9-12 micron; stria vascularis: 12-16 micron) were nearly double those reported earlier in histological observations (Axelsson, 1968). During stimulation the largest diameter change seen was a 3.7% dilation (about 0.5 micron) in response to breathing 5% CO2 in oxygen. Theoretically, this change could reduce vascular fluid resistance by 16%, nearly enough to explain the observed flow increase of 20%. No diameter changes occurred for 5% CO2 in air despite a 50% flow increase, nor for air pressure pulses applied at the tympanic membrane. Round window electrical stimulation of 50 microA also produced dilation (less than 2.5%), but higher current levels were ineffective. In general, blood flow increases seen in this study could not adequately be attributed to the small lateral wall vessel diameter increases nor systemic causes, suggesting that lateral wall blood flow in these instances is dependent on control within the modiolus.
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