The rates of dehydroxylation of three kaolinites which varied in particle thickness were studied from 417° to 480°C under very low water vapor partial pressures. The dehydroxylation rate was directly proportional to the surface area and had an activation enthalpy of 41.0 kcal/mol. The data did not fit either a diffusion‐controlled or a phase‐boundary‐controlled reaction in the radial direction, even when the particle diameter distribution was taken into account. The reaction appears to proceed through the kaolin particles by a pseudo‐phase‐boundary‐controlled mechanism, principally in the [001] direction.
Around 1900, the Catholic Church in Belgium and France started to systematically use the magic lantern for religious education, but also as a propaganda tool in their fight against their laic opponents in both countries. In the course of the nineteenth century, the magic lantern had become a major visual mass medium in Europe and the United States. The light beam of the lantern was seen as a powerful means to sustain faith and disseminate the views of the Church. While numerous members of the Catholic clergy embraced the projections lumineuses as a continuation of the long-standing tradition to teach the gospel through images, from glass windows to paintings, they had to face opposition by those who thought the magic lantern unfit to be used to lecture on religious matters. Despite such resistance, the projected image became an important medium used throughout the first decades of the twentieth century by the Catholic Church.
Around 1900, French and Belgian Catholics adopted the projection lantern as a means of education and propaganda in reaction to successful initiatives of this kind by secularist organisations. In the north of France, near the Belgian border, the dioceses of Arras and Cambrai founded the OEuvre des Conférences et Catéchismes in Robaix, which provided a projection service distributing slides and lanterns. Belgian Catholics followed that example and cooperated in several ways with their French neighbours. This article describes the emergence and organisation of these projection services and their distribution practices. It also looks at the Catholics' efforts to fight the Freemasons, who were considered the worst enemies of the Church. Finally, several slides from the Robert Vrielynck collection in Antwerp will be discussed, which bear witness to the propaganda strategies used by the Catholic Church.
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